Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy at University Hospital Souro Sanou Bobo-Dioulasso ( Burkina Faso ) , about 1022 Cases : Signs and Lesions Observed

Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is an excellent way for the diagnosis of high digestive pathology. We report the results of 1022 upper gastrointestinal endoscopy performed at Bobo-Dioulasso CHU-SS, in western Burkina Faso (West Africa). The aim of this study was to document the indications and lesions found in high endoscopy at the CHUSS. Patients and Methods: It was a cross-sectional study, prospective to describe the results of gastroscopy performed from 1st January 2015 to 30th June 2016 at the digestive endoscopy unit CHU-Souro Sanou Bobo-Dioulasso. Results: In the study period, 1022 upper gastrointestinal endoscopies were performed. The main indications were: The epigastric pain (48.6%), portal hypertension (10.7%) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (9.9%). The pathologies observed were dominated by gastropathies (48.11%), peptic ulcer (27%) and oesophageal varices (9.68%). Epigastralgias were the main circumstance for the discovery of: 52.3% of esophagitis, 49.17% of gastropathies and 46.12% of peptic ulcers. Histopathologically, the results of the 236 biopsies were dominated by gastritis (88.56%), stomach cancers (7.63%) and esophagus (3.81%). Conclusion: The main indication of the UGIE at the CHU-Souro Sanou in Bobo-Dioulasso was epigastralgia. The pathologies observed were dominated by gastropathy, esophagitis and PUD. How to cite this paper: Koura, M., Napon, D.P.Z., Ouattara, Z.D., Somda, K.S., Coulibaly, A., Zoungrana, S.L., Bere, C.C.S., Soudré, S.H., Kamboulé, E.B., Zouré, N., Zougmoré, H., Zampou, I.A. and Sawadogo, A. (2017) Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy at University Hospital Souro Sanou Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso), about 1022 Cases: Signs and Lesions Observed. Open Journal of Gastroenterology, 7, 287-296. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojgas.2017.711030 Received: October 6, 2017 Accepted: November 24, 2017 Published: November 27, 2017 Copyright © 2017 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Open Access


Introduction
The upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGIE) is a test that allows to visualize the interior of the esophagus, stomach, duodenum and the mucous membrane lining them.Morphological examination for the exploration of the upper digestive tract is performed in an aetiological purpose, or therapy.
Common practice in developed countries, is still a luxury in our countries with limited income.In fact, in our countries in the south of the Sahara, there is the problem of its technical, geographical and financial accessibility.In Africa, many studies have been made on the indications and results in endoscopy [1]- [15].In Burkina Faso, no similar publication has yet appeared.It therefore seemed justified for us to report indications and results of 1022 endoscopies performed in 17 months in a hospital in resource-limited countries.
The purpose of this study was to document indications and lesions found in high endoscopic in CHUSS.

Variables and Data Collection Technique
The data collected concerned the socio-demographic characteristics of the patients, the main indication and the result of UGIE.All reports of UGIE were included.Biopsies for histology were systematic in all lesions of gastritis and dysmitoses, and in each case for other injuries.No staining was done.
The various endoscopic examinations were performed in the endoscopy unit by a gastroenterologist assisted by an aide.The exploration technique was classic.The apparatus used was a brand video-endoscope STORZ 13821 PKS with a Open Journal of Gastroenterology multidirectional probe axially vision.All patients were previously submitted to a local anesthesia to viscous Xylocaine 2%.No general anesthesia was performed.

Data Processing and Analysis
The data collected was captured and analyzed using SPSS software version 20.
Descriptive statistics were used to determine the average and standard deviations of the quantitative variables as well as the proportions of the various afflictions.
-The diagnosis of mycotic esophagitis was based on endoscopic lesions type Candida albicans [13].
-The term "dysmitose" means any suspicious new formation of malignancy in endoscopic.

Demographic of Patients
In this study, 1022 patients were included.Table 1 presents the socio-demographic characteristics of our sample.There were 552 women (54%) and 470 men (46%).
The average age was 41.72[±15.59]years with extremes of 7 and 85 years.The median age was 40 and 75% had more than 53 years.
The stomach and duodenum were examined in respectively 1006 and 1000 patients due to non crossed esophageal stenosis (n = 16) and/or antrum-pyloric (n = 6).

Indications of an Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (UGIE)
For the whole sample, the endoscopic examination was performed in almost half of cases (48.6 %) for epigastralgia.Then follow, the search for signs of portal hypertension (10.7%), gastroesophageal reflux disease (9.9%), gastrointestinal bleeding (8%) and dysphagia (4.4%).Table 2 summarizes the various indications of the OGDE during our study.

The Lesions Observed in the Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Endoscopic Examination was abnormal in 86.7% (886) of our patients.Among them, more than the half (51.02%) were more than 40 years old.(Table 3).We observed a predominance of inflammatory lesions (63.22%).A total of 1412 lesions ( lesions observed in the GER syndrome were especially peptic esophagitis (15.74%) and fungal (11.86%).Upper gastrointestinal bleeding was a diagnostic circumstance of 18.82% of PUD and 18.18% of VO (Table 3).Dysphagia was the circumstance of diagnosis for 57.14% of esophageal dysmitoses and 11.86% of esophageal mycosis.
Histologically, only 53.88% (236) of the results of our various biopsies (438) were available.It was: 209 (88.56%) cases of gastritis which 192 (91.87%) cases of chronic gastritis; 17 cases of gastric adenocarcinoma and 1 case of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST).In esophageal level 8 cases of adenocarcinoma and one case of carcinoma in situ, and 1 case subacute oesophagitis is diagnosed.In the duodenum, one case of adenocarcinoma papilla duodenal and 1 case of subacute duodenitis were reported.

Discussion
In our study the epigastric pains were the main indication (48.6%) of UGIE.This is a constant indication of UGIE which is also reported in the literature [3] [19].The frequency of epigastric pains in our study is close to that of several other authors [6] [9] [11], but remained higher than that of [18] respectively related frequencies between 30.2% and 43.5%.It remains below the 60.68% reported by Lawson-Ananissoh L.M. [9] in Lomé, to 58.9% of Stephen in Ghana, and 72.9% of Peghini M. [20] Antananarivo.These differences may be related to the difficulty some patients meet to characterize their painful symptoms.Similarly, the type of endoscopic lesions observed in different series could explain this variability in the frequency of this indication.Other indications of UGIE in our study were HTP, GERD, digestive bleeding and dysphagia.The research of portal hypertension signs was a rare indication of some authors [8] [11] who reported that between 0.22% and 1.33%.
Our result was higher than those of other authors [5] [9] who reported frequencies of 5.9% and 6.97%, but remained near the 10.8% of Taye [14] in Ethiopia.Attia Y. [1] in Abidjan brought back a frequency at 15.75% of this indication.This is actually a particular indication, which depends more on the practitioner and the patient's complaint.In our series, the relative high frequency (10.7%) of this indication was related to the classical indications (before clinical or endoscopic signs of HPT), as well as its systematic indication before a chronic viral liver disease B or C. GERD represented 9.9% indications of UGIE in our study.This frequency is close to those of other authors [6] [8] [11] [19] who reported results varying between 8.9% and 9.8%.RGO in our study was 1.6 times higher than in Fasla H. [3] and Peghini [20], but remained far ahead of those of other authors [4] [9] [21] [22].In Congo, Ibara JR [5] reported 20.1% of indications for RGO.The low frequency observed for this indication in some studies, seems not to be related to a real weakness of its frequency but probably related to the content of the definition of RGO in view of the high prevalence of dyspepsia in some series [4] [7] [12] [18] [22].
Digestive hemorrhage was an indication of UGIE in 8% of our patients.Similar frequencies are reported by other authors [6] [9] [11] [19] [20] [22].Other frequencies higher between 11.29% and 26.2% were observed in other series [3] [ [4] reported a frequency of 1.7% in Kumasi in Ghana.The gastrointestinal bleeding remains a fairly constant indication in the different series of endoscopies.The frequency differences could be related to the characteristics of each population studied (age), the associated risk factors and the type of endoscopic lesions.Indeed, on the one hand, some of its etiologies remain frequent, including PUD, esophageal varices observed in chronic hepatopathies with HTP and acute mucosal lesions due to the use of NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs).On the other hand, population aging increases the number of patients on aspirin and other long-term NSAIDs.The latter are medicines taken most often in self-medication, a common practice in many cities.
Dysphagia was the indication of endoscopy in 4.4% of patients.Similar values are reported in other series [11] [12] [21].Similarly our values are close to 6.3% of Fasla H. [3] and 6.4% of Tabiri S. [19].Dysphagia appeared as a rare indication of UGIE, according to some authors [4] [9] [18] [22] who reported between 1% and 2.2%.Ismaila BO, in Nigeria [6] reported a rate of 10.7% for dysphagia among the indications.Variations of this indication are related to the epidemiology of causal diseases.Dysphagia is a late sign of certain neoplasias.In developing countries, late consultation might explain its relative frequency.
We had observed at the upper digestive tract, a predominance of inflammatory pathology (64.94%) at endoscopy.This predominance of the inflammatory pathology was confirmed histologically which reported that 89.41% of the parts of biopsies.It was dominated by gastritis (88.56%).This same observation is made by the majority of African authors [3] [4] [5] [6] [11] [12].This predomi-Open Journal of Gastroenterology nant gastritis with inflammatory dominance in our study can be explained by the widespread use of anti-inflammatory drugs for self-medication, frequent intestinal parasites in our context, alcohol, and duodenal-gastric bile reflux.While stressing the descent of the inflammatory pathology, some African authors [9] [18] [19] reported a predominance of the PUD.Tunc M. Turkey [22] instead reported a prevalence of PUD far ahead of inflammatory pathology.
In our study, the disease PUD was present in 27% (271) of patients examined.Our results are close to those of other authors [8] [11] [18] which reported prevalences between 22.8% and 31.65%.Our prevalence is higher than those of other series [1] [4] [6] [9] [12], but remains well below the 33.5% to 47.5% reported by other authors [5] [7] [19] [20] [22].We found that the ulcer was 1.69 times more localized in the stomach and in the duodenum in our study.This is in contradiction with the literature and with the results of a number of authors [ [12] and Turkish [22].Our value is, however, close to that of Attia [1] in Ivory Coast which reported 8.5% of esophageal varices.The high incidence of cirrhosis and liver cancer in our context could be an explanation.Our technical platforms are limited for the curative treatment of liver cancers; one of the palliative alternatives is to take care of the complications in order to lengthen if possible the survival of the patients.
The dysmitoses of the upper digestive tract were reported in 3.76% (n = 38) of patients examined.It was histologically 18 (1.79%)cases of gastric cancer that predominated and 9 (0.88%) cases of esophageal cancer.This predominance of gastric cancer among cancers of the upper digestive tract is also reported by many authors [4] [5] [7] [9] [11] [12] [18] [19] [22] with prevalence included between 0.92% and 6.7%.Other authors reported rather, a predominance of esophageal cancer [6] [8].These results show that upper gastrointestinal cancers and stomach cancer are no longer rare in Africa.Indeed, the increasing availability of populations with endoscopic examinations predicts a number of cases in subsequent years.Risk factors are also more frequent with globalization: Smoking, alcoholism, excessive consumption of red meat, too salty and too greasy food.
The epigastric pains were our main discovery circumstance of: Reflux esophagitis, the gastropathie and the PUD.This same observation was made by Kodjoh N [8] in Benin who reported 41.7% of esophagitis, 37.7% of gastritis and 28.9% of PUD discovered after this indication.This is explained by the fact that the epigastric pains were in our two series the main symptom reported by patients.It is a common symptom in both digestive pathologies and heart disease.

Conclusion
This study shows that the epigastric pain was the main indication of UGIE with

Table 2 .
The different indications of UGIE at CHU-SS in Bobo-Dioulasso.

Table 3
) was observed during our study including 38.38% of gastropathy, 19.19% of peptic ulcer and 16.64% of reflux esophagitis.Note

Table 3 .
Topographic distribution of different lesions observed in UGIE.
Depending on the indication of UGIE (Table4), the epigatralgies were the main circumstance of peptic esophagitis discovery (52.3%) of gastropathies (49.17%) and PUD (46.12%) in our patients.Portal hypertension was the major factor in the demonstration of 62.63% of esophageal varices (VO).The main

Table 4 .
Distribution of main lesions observed by major indication of UGIE.