Spatial-Temporal Analysis of LU/LC Classification in Nirmal Mandal, Adilabad, Telangana State, India, by Using Remote Sensing and GIS

In this project, we studied land use and land cover classification of Nirmal Mandal, Adilabad district, Telenagna state by using Geographical Information system and Remote sensing techniques. LISS-IV satellite image resolution 5 m × 5 m provides quality information for identification of Land use/Land cover characteristics. The image accuracy shows 45.70% of Agricultural land, 9.10% Built-up land, Forest area is 7.90%, Barren land have 7.60% and Uncultivated land occupied 29.70%. National land use and land cover mapping report based on 5 divisions classified in the study area. The area land use and land cover classification provide reliable data to understand land, water, soil, forests, urban sprawl. This socio economic survey significantly shows the changes that so far have taken place. This will help the people/farmers for the future land use and land cover change detection. Regular monitoring of agriculture, forest and greening efforts for plantation at suitable area, schemes and limitations. Free ware browsing of land cover gives sufficient development to plenty resource.


Introduction
The changes on the Earth's surface can be observed from the two aspects.Firstly, if time scale is observed when the changes have taken place, the changes can be different.In this sense, the changes can be related to the variations of the natural disasters (e.g.floods, fires) or to the geological events (e.g. the creation of the continents), and in that sense, time can be seen as a short period (fires that last for several hours or several days) or it can be one long continual period (the creation of the continents-several hundred years).Secondly, the changes can be observed from the spatial aspect, i.e. the occurrence of the different changes as a consequence of a local event (a road or a bridge construction) or the changes on the global level (the increase of the sea temperature or the melting of ice areas) [1].When the changes on the Earth's surface are observed only from these two aspects, the time and spatial, it is clear that the nature of the change occurrence is complex and it is very difficult to perceive and make a conclusion or make a decision, because of the mutual relation and dependence of these two factors.So, the change detection represents one very serious and challenging task.Determination of the changes which occur on the Earth in the context of the digital image processing require different procedures and techniques, some of which are standardized, while many other depend on the applications in which the image processing is being done.In order to compare one image to another it is necessary to compare the pixel of one image to the pixel of another.
What is necessary to know before the detection process itself is the value of the change phenomenon which is very important, i.e. it is necessary to conduct the filtration of the certain changes.This can vary from one user to another, and from the purpose of change detection.There are several methods for mapping land cover changes using remotely sensed data: conventional maximum likelih- Many diverse types of spatial data are needed to study and understand dynamic process, as well as to develop the environmental simulation models that are needed for scientific assessment of environmental problems and effects of human interactions on environmental quality.Multi-disciplinary data sets of land surface/subsurface characteristics are essential inputs to such studies.The multi-objective models require data on the multi-temporal behavior of land surface properties, as well as the parameterization of spatially heterogeneous and complex, landscape characteristics.Such spatial data sets are needed for different decision support systems.And increasingly use an integrated/coupled systems approach to modeling process across multiple time, space scales and helps in identification of suitable sites for different applications.Remote sensing technology is essential to the development of many spatial data sets for the study of environmental process.GIS complements remote sensing by providing the framework for integrated spatial analysis of diverse data structures in order to help understand and parameterize land surface processes.GIS also has a role in developing and tailoring integrated spatial data sets, including remote-sensing-derived thematic layers, for input to models.This study introduces spatial data issues Land cover can be determined by analyzing satellite and aerial imagery.Land use cannot be determined from satellite imagery.Land cover maps provide information to help managers best understand the current landscape.To see change over time, land cover maps for several different years are needed.With this information, managers can evaluate past management decisions as well as gain insight into the possible effects of their current decisions before they are implemented.Coastal managers use land cover data and maps to better understand the impacts of natural phenomena and human use of the landscape.Maps can help managers assess urban growth, model water quality issues, predict and assess impacts from floods and storm surges, track wetland losses and potential impacts from sea level rise, prioritize areas for conservation efforts, and compare land cover changes with effects in the environment or to connections in socioeconomic changes such as increasing population [2] [3] [4].
Remote sensing has become an important tool applicable to developing and understanding the global, physical processes affecting the earth.Recent development in the use of satellite data is to take advantage of increasing amounts of geographical data available in conjunction with GIS to assist in interpretation.GIS is an integrated system of computer hardware and software capable of capturing, storing, retrieving, manipulating, analyzing, and displaying geographically referenced (spatial) information for the purpose of aiding development-oriented management and decision-making processes [5] [6] [7].Remote sensing and GIS have covered wide range of applications in the fields of agriculture, environments, and integrated eco-environment assessment.Several researchers have focused on LU/LC studies because of their adverse effects on ecology of the area and vegetation [8].
Change detection in watersheds helped in enhancing the capacity of local governments to implement sound environmental management [9].This involved development of spatial and temporal database and analysis techniques.Efficiency of the techniques depends on several factors such as classification schemes, spatial and spectral resolution of remote sensing data, ground reference data and also an effective implementation of the result.Coastal environment changes were analyzed through qualitative evaluation techniques.The techniques included change map derived from vegetation index differencing, Image ratioing, image differencing and image regression.The basic principle of all change detection techniques was that the digital number of one date is different from the digital number of another date [10]

Study Area
The Normal Mandal located in Adilabad district of Telangana state and its lies on North Latitudes 18˚56' to 19˚12'30" and East Longitudes 78˚15' to 78˚25', total area is covered about 218 sq.km with an elevation of 340 m, surrounded by 14 lakes which make the place special (Figure 1).It is political headquarters of the district with a history of 400 years.Nirmal is the industrial epicenter of the district.It has a major transportation hub, with easy access to all major forms of transportation.
Figure 1.The study area of the Nirmal Mandal, Adilabad, Telangana, India.

Rainfall
Rainfall is important for the development of the country as it helps for the International Journal of Geosciences growth of the crops.So the changes in the rainfall is been represented by the graph below.
From the above data of the graph we can say that 10 years once there is a heavy rainfall and also for every 3 years interval there is same amount rainfall for the consecutive years by this we can predict the rainfall of the future years.We can also observe there are 4 peaks in the graph which represents the high rainfall (Figure 2).

Software Used: QGIS
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a tool used to display, create, and analyze spatial information to help solve real world problems.It combines the graphics that make up a map with data tables of associated attributes.GIS Applications allow you to create many different types of maps from the same data.
GIS is a great visualisation tool that can show you things about your data and how they are related in space (e.g.those disease outbreaks we saw earlier [20] [21].Paper maps need to be filed and are time consuming to view.The GIS can hold a very large amount of map data and make it quick and easy to find a place you are interested in.QGIS is a GIS platform that is available as a free web-download.Features of QGIS include; importing data from multiple sources, Digitizing, Editing, on the fly reprojection, Geo-processing, Database connectivity; and Raster processing, Professional and easy print layout function.

Methodology
Toposheet no.E44A8 is been collected from the survey of India Hyderabad and toposheet is been used as a base maps to create thematic maps by using QGIS (Quantum GIS).The following is the process for generating thematic maps which are useful for the change detection of land use land cover of an area, using SOI (Survey of India) toposheet as a base reference.Geo-referencing of a toposheet has been done in QGIS (Quantum GIS) before generating the base map to obtain the geographical coordinates to the map.Add the geo-referenced toposheet as the raster layer in the Quantum GIS.Add the shape file layer to extract the study area from the toposheet.After extracting the study area from the toposheet different type of classes like roads, waste land, built-up land, agriculture land, drains, ponds, etc are drawn using line, point, polygon shape file layers in the Quantum GIS (Figure 3).The study area is classified with five classes namely Water bodies, Built up, Agriculture, Forest and Barren land [22] [23].

Classification of Land Use/Land Cover
Built-up land: Population grow thing increases year by year for that reason the significant pressure dominant on construction of the buildings of land cover area, which will effect on the environmental change in a large region.Frequent monitoring of the build-up land area provide good information of sustainable development of an area, Monitoring of changes in this category the best solution is to determine particular study area of the previous information with periodic intervals.

Agriculture Land
Indian economy mainly depends on the Agriculture land area it is an essential source to produce of food for human survival.The satellite data is best technology to take decision and understand the crop occupation area, grow thing, consuming of taxes on the crop land, Crop production and food securities etc., Land use and land cover data provides full information of crop land details with sea-International Journal of Geosciences

Forest
In an Ecosystem Forest plays a major role and to Forest to conserve environmental arrangement.The different Environmental cycles are all depends on the forest region only, it provides not only food, fiber, timber and also it consumes carbon dioxide and releases organic living source of oxygen gas.It helps in the improvement of the welfare of human society as well as supportable livelihood there are many Ecosystem services inbuilt in biodiversity.Consumption of forest resources in a non-sustainable manner leads to the environmental degradation [29] [30].Understanding of forest land changes to provide the quality of life and economy of the country.The attribute data of land use/land cover from the study area has forest land 7.9%.Forest land is protected well and there is no effect of urbanization on the forest land (Figure 6).

Water Bodies
Water is essential resources for leaving of human life.The main sources of water  [32], Marine area active changes also part of water resources which will easily to determine by the remote sensing technology [33].The data indicates that the area under water bodies has no change.A small pond has been destroyed due to urbanization which has no effect on the drainage system (Figure 7).

Barren Land
Bareen land contains Scrubland, sandy area, Barren Rocky Desert Coastal dry land and riverine sandy areas.Natural resources of barren land formed due to afforestation, rapid industrialization, urbanization, a rise environmental issues such as climate changes, soil erosion and flood [34] [35].Determination of barren land information provided by the remote sensing techniques and to calculate the degradation of barren land with accurate.The data indicates that there is a significant 7.6% (Table 1).This is due to the converting of the barren land into the build-up land as a part of urbanization (Figure 8) (Plate

Conclusions
Mapping and monitoring of land use/land cover is important for many management and planning activities as it is considered as an important element for understanding the earth and its whole system.The present study shows how well LU/LC classification carried out using Remote Sensing and GIS technology.The results show that there is noticeable built-up and agriculture about 3.3% and 9% respectively.There is no significant fluctuation in the case of water bodies and the area under forest land has 7.9%.Forest land is protected well and there is no effect of urbanization on the forest land (Figure 9).
We concluded that 10 years once there is a heavy rainfall and also for every 3 years interval there is same amount rainfall for the consecutive years, by this we can predict the rainfall of the future years.Land use and land cover data or maps provide quality information on the present geographical condition of the area.
The Nirmal mandal contains good agriculture and Forest land.Based on present LU/LC thematic data, it will be helpful to understand change detection and their impact.While growing population there are many changes occur on the land so analysis of land use and land cover is very important.Allotment of land for transportation is a big problem, but with the help of land use and land cover we can rectify the problem.
ood classification, post-classification, image differenciation, and principal components change-detection techniques, vegetative index differencing, post-classification change differencing, multi-date unsupervised classification.
[11].Remotely sensed change detection based on artificial neural networks presents a new technique for multispectral image classification using training algorithm.The trained neural network detected changes on a pixel-by-pixel basis in real time applications.The trained four-layered neural network provided complete categorical information about the nature of changes and detected complete land-cover change "from-to" information, which is desirable in most change detection applications.Post classification change detection techniques with the comparison of land-cover classifications of different dates have limitations, as it does not allow the detection of subtle changes within land-cover categories.Land use and land cover change has become a central component in current strategies for managing natural resources and monitoring environmental changes.The advancement in the concept of vegetation mapping has greatly increased research on land use land cover change thus providing an accurate evaluation of the spread and health of the world's forest, grassland, and agricultural resources has become an important priority [12] [13].Viewing the Earth from space is now crucial to the understanding of the influence of man's activities on his natural resource base over time.In situations of rapid and often unrecorded land use change, observations of the earth from space provide objective information of human utilization of the landscape [14] [15].Over the past years, data from Earth sensing satellites has become vital in mapping the Earth's features and infrastructures, managing natural resources and studying environmental change.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Preparation of LU/LC thematic map by geographical and remote sensing procedure.
a) Sangampet Road, Nirmal Mandal, Adilabad district, Telangana; (b) Shamgarh Fort in Nirmal Mandal, Adilabad district, Telangana.commercialarea in rural region, continuous migrating of regional economy, rapid increase of the urban population and unexpected growth in the urban area that results on the change of landscape area[24].The common changes are in urban area includes construction, Real estate of corporate sector, education institutes and goes down or increases.Impacts of urbanization are concentrated Cultivation land, Waste land, Forest land, Water bodies and other geographical areas.The recent technology provides full accurate data of change determination that will help to understanding the damage of ecosystem and environment.Remote sensing and GIS is good software to planning and operation of decision that results in the effect of urbanization[25] [26] (Plate 2(a)).The attribute data of land use/land cover from the study area barren land contains 9.1% (Figure4).
D. T. Madhu et al.
[17]climate of the town is characterized by the hot summer and is generally dry except during the southwest monsoon.The year may be divided into four seasons.The cold season from December to February is followed by the summer season from March to May.The period from June to September constitute the southwest monsoon season, while October and November from the post monsoon season.The relative humidity is high during the southwest monsoon season[16][17].The air is generally dry during the rest of the year, the district part of the year being the summer season when the humidity in the afternoon is 25%.The rainfall in the Mandal, in general increases from the southwest towards the northeast.About 85% of annual rainfall is received during the southwest monsoon season.The peak rainy month is July.The variation in the Annual rainfall of a year is not very large.Annual rainfall of the district is 1044.5 mm.The cold weather commences towards the end of November when the temperature begins to fall rapidly[18] [19].
D. T. Madhu et al.DOI: 10.4236/ijg.2017.8110761319 International Journal of Geosciences December is generally the coldest month, with the daily maximum temperature of about 29˚C and the minimum of 3˚C In summer, from mid April the temperature begins to rise rapidly.May is generally the hottest month, with daily maximum temperature around 50˚C.Winds are light to moderate with some strengthening in the period from May to August.During the post monsoon and cold season, winds blow mostly from the east or northeast.By March, south westerlies start blowing and continue the rest of summer.The southwest monsoon season winds are mostly from directions between southwest and northwest.
Yellareddipet is the biggest village in the sub district with an area of 14 km 2 and Old Pochampad is the smallest with 10 km 2 .There is only one city in the sub district that comes under the sub district administration which is Nirmal Municipality.The majority of the population, nearly 63% (about 88 thousand) live in Nirmal Sub District urban part and 37% (about 51 thousand) population live in the Nirmal Sub District rural part.
Nirmal Mandal, with population of about 1.4 lakh is Adilabad district's the 3 rd most populous sub district, located in Adilabad district of the state Telangana in India.There are 33 villages in the sub district, among them Soan is the most populous village with population of 4814 and Nagnaipet is the least populous village with population of 3.

Table 1 .
Area of land use classes in 2015 Nirmal Mandal, Adilabad district, Telangana, India.