Carnot factor of a vapour power cycle with regenerative extraction

The present paper describes the energy analysis of a regenerative vapour power system. The regenerative steam turbines based on the Rankine cycle and comprised of vapour extractions have been used industrially since the beginning of the 20th century, particularly regarding the processes of electrical production. After having performed worked in the first stages of the turbine, part of the vapour is directed toward a regenerative exchanger and heats feedwater coming from the condenser. This process is known as regeneration, and the heat exchanger where the heat is transferred from steam is called a regenerator (or a feedwater heater). The profit in the output brought by regenerative rakings is primarily enabled by the lack of exchange of the tapped vapour reheating water with the low-temperature reservoir. The economic optimum is often fixed at seven extractions. One knows the Carnot relation, which is the best possible theoretical yield of a dual-temperature cycle; in a Carnot cycle, one makes the assumption that both compressions and expansions are isentropic. This article studies an ideal theoretical machine comprised of vapour extractions in which each cycle partial of tapped vapour obeys these same compressions and isentropic expansions.


Introduction
The work output is maximised when the process between the two specified states is executed in a reversible manner.However, according to the second law of thermodynamics, such a reversible process is not possible in practice.A system delivers the maximum possible work as it undergoes a reversible process from the specified initial state to the state of its environment, that is, the dead state.
The study of thermodynamic cycles applied to power stations is of great importance due to the increasing energy consumption, the opening of electricity markets and the increasingly strict environmental restrictions (specifically regarding the carbon dioxide emissions issue).Power plants that use steam as their working fluid operate on the basis of the Rankine cycle.The first stage in designing these power plants is performing the thermodynamic analysis of the Rankine cycle.
Many industries use steam based thermodynamic cycles.Water steam is generated in a boiler, which brings the steam to a high pressure and a high temperature.The steam expands in a turbine to produce work.The steam then passes through a condenser.In this cycle, referred to as the Rankine or Hirn cycle, the heat referred to as "waste" is the heat exchanged in the condenser.
A regenerative cycle is a cycle in which part of the waste heat is used for heating the heat-transfer fluid.
Since the early 20th century, steam turbines have been most frequently used in regenerative cycles, e.g., in thermal and nuclear power plants.These steam engines are equipped with five to seven steam extractions.
Part of the steam that performed work in the turbine is drawn off for use in heating the water.
Regeneration or the heating up of the feedwater by the steam extracted from the turbine has a marked effect on the cycle efficiency.
The mass of steam generated for the given flow rate of flue gases is determined by the energy balance.In fact, the drawn-off steam is proportional to the flow of water to be heated to conserve both mass and energy.

Real Cycle.
The thermodynamics first principle stipulates that over a cycle, W + Q = 0.
Where, H Q = mass enthalpy of the high-temperature reservoir.
C Q = mass enthalpy of the low-temperature reservoir.
The transferred energy is equal to the differential specific enthalpy multiplied by the fluid mass The energy efficiency of the engine power is defined as The efficiency is rewritten using (1), (3) and (5) as follows: The following is deduced from (4) and (6): Where: m = fluid mass.
HS h = specific enthalpy of the hot vapour to the admission of the turbine.
CW h = specific enthalpy in liquid form.
CS h = specific enthalpy of the cold vapour to the exhaust of the turbine.

Ideal Carnot cycle
Let us consider now that the cycle is performed with ideally isentropic compressions and isentropic expansions.
The heat exchanged with the high-temperature reservoir is equal to Where H T = temperature of the high-temperature reservoir.CS s = cold vapour specific entropy to the exhaust of the turbine.The cycle efficiency is deduced from ( 6), ( 10) and (11) as which is equal to the Carnot factor.
3 Thermodynamics analysis of steam power cycle with one feed waterheater.

Real cycle with one feedwater heater.
We study here the evaluation of the output of a cycle comprised of only 1 steam extraction To determine the output of the cycle comprising an extraction, we separate this cycle into 2 partial cycles.
The heat of the hot reservoir in the cycle is equal to the sum of the heat of the hot reservoir of the principal cycle and the heat of hot reservoir of the cycle partial of the extraction vapour: The heat of hot reservoir of the principal cycle is equal to (7).
The heat of hot reservoir of the cycle partial of the extraction vapour is equal to Where One form of the deduced total heat from the hot reservoir: Where m = vapour mass exchanging with the low-temperature reservoir in the condenser The heat of the low-temperature reservoir in the cycle is equal to the sum of the heat of the lowtemperature reservoir of the principal cycle and the heat of the low-temperature reservoir of the partial cycle of the tapped vapour: The heat of low-temperature reservoir of the principal cycle is equal to ( 8) The heat of low-temperature reservoir of the cycle partial of the tapped vapour is equal to: Where One form of the deduced total heat from the low-temperature reservoir: The cycle efficiency is deduced from ( 6), ( 15) and ( 17) The output of a regenerative cycle comprising an extraction is clearly higher than that of a nonregenerative simple cycle.It is enough to compare the expressions of the output in (18) and in (9).
The mass of the steam generated for the given flow rate of flue gases, m ex , is obtained from the energy balance.
Heat gained by the steam = Heat lost by the flue gases.

Ideal cycle comprised of one feedwater heater.
Let us now consider that the two cycles are ideally performed via compressions and expansions that are isentropic.
Let us separate the cycles into two partial cycles. 12 The heat of the hot reservoir in the cycle is equal to the sum of the heat of the hot reservoir of the principal cycle and the heat of the hot reservoir of the partial cycle of the tapped vapour: The heat of hot reservoir of the principal cycle is equal to (10).
) (  One deduces the total heat from the hot reservoir as follows: 14 The heat of the low-temperature reservoir in the cycle is equal to the sum of the heat of the lowtemperature reservoir of the principal cycle and the heat of the low-temperature reservoir of the partial cycle of the tapped vapour: The heat of the low-temperature reservoir of the principal cycle is equal to (11).Applying equations ( 12) and ( 22) to this system, we obtain the total heat of the low-temperature reservoir: The energy efficiency is deduced from ( 6), ( 22), and( 23): which can be expressed as: Applying equation ( 19), one determines the m ex mass value according to the m mass: 4 Generalised thermodynamics analysis of a steam power cycle with "n" number of feedwater heaters.

Real cycle with two feedwater heaters
The thermodynamic cycles of steam turbines are comprised of between five and eight extractions.We treat here the case of a machine comprised of two extractions; this methodology can be extended to account for a higher number of extractions.The output is deduced from ( 18) Where: 1 ex m = vapour mass of the first extraction. (Recall that the classification numbering of conventional feedwater heaters starts from the condenser.)W EX h 1 = specific enthalpy of the steam that heats feedwater heater number 1.
2 EX m = mass of condensate from extraction number 2.

Ideal cycle "n" number of feed water heaters
One deduces the output from the ideal cycle from ( 30) and ( 26):  26) and ( 28) One deduces from ( 29) and ( 31) the following: The above result can be generalised as follows:

Conclusions
The Carnot factor, as is universally known, is a typical case limited to the cycles that do not involve feedwater heaters.In the case of regenerative cycles, the Carnot factor of a machine is given by the following relationship:


This relationship obeys the second principle of thermodynamics: the variation of the entropy of an unspecified thermodynamic system, due to the internal operations, can be only positive or worthless.

Figure 1 -
Figure 1-diagram of a regenerative steam extraction cycle.

Figure 2 -
Figure 2-The real Rankine cycle (shown in red).
CW s = cold condensate water specific entropy.

Figure 3
Figure 3 The real cycle is represented in red.The coloured surface corresponds to the total energy of a hightemperature reservoir that would be necessary if the cycle obeyed the assumptions of isentropic compressions and isentropic expansions (10).
of the hot reservoir of the cycle partial of extraction.ex m = extraction vapour mass.EXW h= extracted steam specific enthalpy in liquid form.
of the low-temperature reservoir of the partial cycle of extraction EXS h = the mass vapour enthalpy harnessed by the extraction side.

Figure 5 -
Figure 5 -The cycle represented in red is the principal cycle traversed by the vapour mass "m".The cycle represented in blue is the cycle traversed by the mass "m ex "of the tapped vapour.

Figure 6 -
Figure 6 -The real principal cycle traversed by the vapour "m" mass is represented in red.The coloured surface corresponds to the total energy of the hot reservoir that would be necessary if the cycle obeyed the assumptions of isentropic compressions and isentropic expansions (10).

Figure 7 -
Figure 7 -The cycle represented in blue is the real cycle traversed by the mass "m ex "of the tapped vapour.The coloured surface corresponds to the total energy of the hot reservoir that would be necessary if the 2 cycles obeyed the assumptions of isentropic expansions and isentropic compressions (20).

Figure 8 -Figure 9 -
Figure 8 -The cycle represented in red is the real cycle traversed by the mass "m" of the vapour.The coloured surface corresponds to the total energy of the low-temperature reservoir that would be necessary if the 2 cycles obeyed the assumptions of isentropic compressions and isentropic expansions.
specific enthalpy of extraction number 1 vapour.W EX h 2 = specific enthalpy of the condensed water into feedwater heater number 1.
of the condensate with extraction vapour number 1 2 EX T = temperature of the condensate with extraction vapour number 2 One generalises the following: