Statistical Analyses of ASE Noise

The evolution of ASE noise and the generation of nonlinear phase shift are analyzed based on the travelling wave solution of ASE noise and its probability density function by solving the Fokker-Planck equation including dispersion effect. Nonlinear effect has strong impact on ASE noise. After the transmission in non-zero dispersion shift fibers + dispersion compensation fibers, due to the nonlinear effect, ASE noise is enhanced. Detailedly, the real part of ASE decreases but the image part increases greatly compared to that with dispersion effect only. Nonlinear phase shift, related to the image part of ASE noise, occurs in this kind of link. The impact of signal intensity on ASE noise induces fluctuations to the both curves of ASE noise and nonlinear phase shift as functions of time, respectively. Furthermore, it results in the non-Gaussian distribution of ASE noise probability density function (side-bands occurring) and brings more than 1 dB additive BER.

From the power spectral density, ASE noise probability density function (p.d.f.) is the Fourier transform of its characteristic function which is determined by the power distribution [2] [3] [4].The nonlinear phase can be obtained directly and it has been proved that a high dispersion lowers the impact of nonlinear phase [5]- [10].But usually the nonlinear effect on ASE noise is neglected.Actually, the along transmitted signal is so strong and by nonlinear effect, it acts on the ASE noise.So its little change may bring a distinct alteration on ASE noise and counter-act the signal phase again.
In addition, by the power spectral density, the interplay among Kerr nonlinearity, chromatic dispersion and ASE noise in the frequency domain can also be analyzed by the transfer function method [11].The dependence of nonlinear phase noise and quadrature component of ASE noise is studied in [12], but there are still some unknown effects generating or changing nonlinear phase noise [11] [12] [13].
On the other hand, the p.d.f. of ASE noise can also be calculated by the Fokker-Planck equation [14].To solve it, the differential around time has to be deleted which means, the dispersion effect is ignored.Even though the dispersion compensation devices will balance most of the dispersion effect, it is no doubt that in the transmission fibers, the complex interaction process that the dispersion acts on nonlinear phase, and produces the intensity fluctuation, then again this fluctuation induces a phase shift and is different from the case of zero dispersion.
To avoid the complex noise probability evolution in fibers, in [5] [6] [10], authors directly calculated the system performance (BER, Q) by the SNR which was the function of power.This is an approach by measuring power to estimate the system performance.Still, the issues on the estimations of ASE noise and nonlinear phase noise are dissolved.So, in this paper, we attempt to give an inclusive and explicit description about the change of ASE noise and the generation of nonlinear phase noise in dispersion and nonlinear fibers.By my knowledge, this is the first time that in the estimation related to ASE noise, the nonlinear effect is taken into account and it is also the first time that in the p.d.f. of ASE noise the dispersion effect is taken into account.
We start with the transmissions of ASE noise and signals, which satisfy the nonlinear partial differential equations (NLPDE) [11].Our method is similar to [14], but the in-phase and quadrature components of ASE noise are respectively solved in the time domain.Thus, the dependence between ASE noise in-phase and quadrature components, and their probability density functions impacted by the transmission, are directly derived.This is the base for the practical system bit-error-rate estimation in which ASE noise is impacted by dispersion effect, nonlinear effect and signal formats.
In Section 2, the analytical solution and probability density function of ASE noise are achieved by the travelling wave solution of NLPDE.Based on these solutions, the change of ASE noise originated from dispersion and nonlinear effects is detected for the link of non-zero dispersion shift fibers + dispersion compensation fibers(NZDSFs + DCFs), and nonlinear phase shift caused by nonlinear effect on ASE noise, is analyzed in Section 3. Section 4 presents the conclusion.

Theory
In this section, we will derive the nonlinear partial differential equation describing ASE noise in transmission fibers and solve it with the travelling wave method.Subsequently, its probability can been gained based on this solution.Both are the base for the analyses of nonlinear phase noise.

Travelling Wave Solution of ASE Noise
The envelope of electric field satisfies the nonlinear Schrodinger equation: where 2 β is the group velocity dispersion, γ is the nonlinear coefficient and α is the fiber loss.The field is: where ( ) Substituting (2) into (1), we can get the equation that ( ) So, the in-phase and quadrature components of ASE noise obey: We now seek their travelling wave solution by taking [15] ( ) 4) and ( 5) are converted into: 2 2 Replace φ′ and φ′′′ in ( 8) with ( 6) and the differential of ( 6), there are: 4 From ( 6) and ( 9), We can easily obtain: and In the above calculation process, B, c and k should be regarded as constants and , lR lI A A are the functions of the solo variable ξ , respectively.

Probability Density Function of ASE Noise
Because lR A and lI A have been solved, the time differentials of ( 4) and ( 5) can be calculated.Thus, the stochastic differential equations (Ito forms) around lR A and lI A are: , , , where , , , Now, they can be regarded as the stationary equations and we can gain their probabilities according to Section (7.3) and (7.4) in [16].By solving the corresponding Fokker-Planck equations of (15) ( 16), the probabilities of ASE noise are: . Compared with [13], these probabilities of ASE noise take dispersion effect into account.This is the first time that the p.d.f. of ASE noise simultaneously including dispersion and nonlinear effects is presented.
(21) and ( 22) are efficient in the models of Gaussian and correlated non-Gaussian processes as our (4) (5).Obviously, the Gauss distribution has been distorted.They are no longer symmetrical distributions and both have phase shifts consistent with [13] and as its authors have expected that, "if the dispersion effect was taken into account, the asymmetric modulation side-bands occur."The reasons are that, item ( )

Results and Analyses
In this section, by calculating the signal and ASE noise fields point-to-point, we will simulate the above ASE noise statistical solution and attempt to get some extended results about nonlinear phase noise.
To simplify the problem, we only consider one signal channel.Fiber parameters are listed in Table 1.( ) , where 0 t is the half-width (at 1/e intensity point). .The link is shown in Figure 1.
We choose the link of NZDSFs + DCFs to show that even though the dispersion effect is quite small, taking it into account is significant.
We have derived the representation of ASE noise in transmission fibers in (23), so the noise evolution can be explicitly shown.We draws ASE noises after they have been transmitted in the link of NZDSFs + DCFs to disclose the nonlinear phase shift induced by nonlinear effect on ASE noise.
In Figure 2, the dots correspond to those only affected by dispersion [12].
, and the solid lines are based on (23)   and the generation of nonlinear phase noise can be analyzed.ASE noise is enhanced due to the nonlinear effect.The strong signal not only changes ASE noise probability, statistical amplitude and phase, but also brings an oscillation in the statistical spectrum of nonlinear phase shift.
the side bands, the self-and cross-phase modulation effects.Their synthesis impact is amplified by (21), (22) and results in the complete non-Gauss distributions.So, we have obtained the analytical solution of ASE noise: The bit rate is 2.5 Gb/s.In the calculation of ASE noise:

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Error probability function of a PSK signal.The black line is our calculation result and the dash line is the case without nonlinear effect on ASE noise.
[13]nding result compared to references[11][12][13].Here, we only calculate the transmission of ASE noise generated in the first amplifier rather than the accumulated value in which each amplifier (every span) generates ASE noise.a (dB/km) γ (/km/W) D (ps/nm/km)