GNSS Multipath Reduction Using GPS and DGPS in the Real Case

In Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) like Global Positioning System (GPS) and future Galileo, space signal reception in urban environment seems to be one of most significant. The urban environment is characterized by the presence of an excessive number of obstacles that produce Multiple Path (MP) in positioning the receiver. Consequently, it is of primary importance to characterize and ameliorate the performances of GNSS receiver for this type of application. In this paper, a method to mitigate MP in GNSS applications was proposed. Its principle is based on the addition, to the geographic map of a city or a neighborhood, of a supplementary information that consists of the correction of error caused by the MPs. The latter one was carried out by the comparison of the measurements, realized by Differential GPS (DGPS) and GPS, between two different sites with the same form. The first one was characterized by the presence of the MPs and the second one was completely clear of any type of obstacle. As a consequence, the measurements comparison has allowed us to deduce the GNSS MPs errors. This information can subsequently be used to make the corrections of the errors caused by MPs and it can be generalized by a measurement company to any entire city in order to identify errors in any neighborhood.


Introduction
The first stage realized in a GNSS receiver consists of visible satellites acquisition, as well as a coarse estimate of signal in space (SIS) parameters corresponding to each satellite of the constellation [1].This operation is accomplished by a Positioning block called acquisition circuit [2], which is a system based on the application of the estimation theory [3].With the advent of the European system Galileo, certain modifications were made in the acquisition stage in order to optimally receive the new structures of SIS signals [4].The main factor that has leaded the designers of the circuits to introduce these new acquisition strategies is the use of Binary Offset Carrier (BOC) modulation [5].This recent new functionality was added to guarantee interworking between the new Galileo system and the modernized GPS by ensuring also a better performance in positioning the receiver [6].In spite of all these advantages, this new type of modulation is not completely sheltered from the principal sources of the traditional problems confronted by old generation GPS [7], in particular MP and additive noise [8].
Moreover, BOC modulation represents another major disadvantage which is related to the existence of secondary peaks in its Correlation Function (CF) that can create ambiguity in the tracking process [9].Several methods have been proposed for side peaks cancelation and true Delay Locked Loop (DLL) zerocrossing detection [10] [11] [12] [13] [14].Nonetheless, the majority of them still have the problem of the existence of some secondary peaks or the invalidity in the presence of MPs [15] [16] [17] [18].On the other hand, the application of these methods can lead to the loss of the positive effect of the BOC modulations on the improvement of the performances in the presence of the MP [19] [20].
This last represents a propagation phenomenon which results in the presence of radio signals at the input of the receiving antenna with quite a few copies [21].
The causes of these MPs include the reflection and the refraction of the bodies, water and the terrestrial objects such as the mountains, the buildings, and the trees [22].As a consequence, the MP effect can hold a constructive or destructive intervention depending on the phases of the received signals [23] and as a result position miscalculations can reach values of some tens of meters for civil applications [24].Several methods have been proposed in literature for MP mitigation in classical GPS receiver [25] [26].The most basic of them are limited on BPSK modulated signals [27] [28].The others are methods that have been evaluated by simulation results without being validated on real signals.Moreover, even in the case where the tests are performed with real signals, the majority of the methods use simulated MPs scene [29] [30] [31] [32] [33].In this paper, we propose a method based on actual measurements, with GPS and DGPS, for MP error correction in an urban environment.The latter one is based on the comparison of GPS and DGPS measurements on real scenes.In fact, as an example we made a comparison between position measurements realized in two places α and β of the urban region called 12 Hectares in Bordj Bou Arreridj (Algeria).
The place "α" is completely open (Clear of any type of obstacle) where we find all GNSS errors except of MP's ones.The place (β) is characterized by the presence of more or less high buildings on both sides of the street where we find, in addition to MP error, all the other types of GNSS errors.Finally, these measurements and comparisons can be generalized by a measurement company to-

GPS Signal in the Presence of MPs
The most important characteristics of MP are as follows [27] [34] [35]:  Each MP component is generally associated with a longer path.
 Each MP component shall have a lower power than the direct path.
 We assume that there is only one reflected component.Moreover, we assume that the phase difference between the direct path and the reflected path is 0˚ or 180˚.This corresponds to the maximum error that a GNSS receiver can reach.
At the entrance of the receiver, the emitted signal by the satellite is composed of a direct signal and one or more reflected paths signals.Each one has a carrier that is modulated by a PN code and navigation data.After the passage a tan intermediate frequency, the signal is given as [2]: With:

Principle of the Proposed Method
In this part, we will present the measurements that we made to perform the GPS MP correction.The latter ones have been realized through several records conceived with a view to identify and correct the different GPS problems in addition to that, the MP that can have an effect on the accurateness of positioning.The scenario is designed in order to study the effects of MPs inside an urban district.
The aim here is to calculate via the GPS and the DGPS a number of spots spaced 15 meters from each other, in two places α and β, as shown in the satellite picture in Figure 1.
The place (α), represents the parking lot of the new train station.It is completely open except for a few small trees whose effect on the accuracy of positioning will be studied.The place (β) is characterized by the presence of more or less high buildings on both sides of the street, with a rectangular shape similar to (α).In addition, the width of the street is not homogeneous, which offers a larger DOI: 10.4236/pos.2017.8400450 Positioning

Experimental Results
As shown in Figure 2, all the illustrated points (in blue or in red) are obtained along a rectangular line in the (α) streets for the two following cases: • Case 1: without DGPS correction Figure 2 A number of important results can be derived from these records.According to the records in Figure 2 and Figure 3, we notice that: • In the completely exposed area (α), the apparatus with DGPS correction gives the distances between the successive dots with a high accuracy (a centimeter gap).This confirms the efficiency of the apparatus in such places.However, the accuracy is reduced near the trees, such as in dots (B14, A14), (B18, A18), (B19, A19) and (B20, A20), and so the error rate increases.This error is important when the mobile station is used alone, and it can reach • Contrary to place (α), in the streets of the district (β) (Figure 3), the accuracy is affected by several substantial factors such as:  The presence of trees: the bigger their volume, the less accuracy.
 The sky vision window: the bigger it is; the better accuracy calculation gets.This last is conditioned by the height of the buildings as well as the width of the street.But where the buildings are less high and the street is wider, the sky vision window is greater and so the accuracy calculation of dots is better. In contrary, we notice the reverse effect at crossroads, an improvement in accuracy calculation by the apparatus, mainly due in this case to the increase of the vision window. The MP problem is caused by the walls of houses.In this scenario, we cannot properly speak of MP problem, though it does exist.The dominant reason in this case remains the extremely reduced vision window in the studied district, and which considerably prevents the satellite signals to reach the receiver.

MP Error Correction
In this part, we compare the records points in the area(β) with and without the DGPS correction to illustrate the corrections to be applied to each measurement As illustrated in Figure 4, the comparison between all curves (depending on whether x or y) can give the correction value corresponding to each point leading to the MP error reduction.With the same procedure, we can generalize the operation of MP correction for any point.All these values are resumed in Table 1.

Conclusion
In this paper, a method based on actual measurements, with GPS and DGPS, for MP error correction have been proposed.We have compared between measurements realized in two urban regions α and β, where in α there is no MP errors unlike β which has MP errors.Before the realization of the considered various scenarios, we have constantly positioned points spaced of a pre-fixed distance, this points were also located according to a determined line.The found results, first of all, showed the incapacity of the mobile station without the DGPS correctors.Indeed, the accurateness of the results in this case decreased notably with several meters errors.On the other hand, the use of the two stations unit gave a centimetric precision.This precision was put to the test in two different circumstances.The first case is inside a district where we have the problems of the vision window and the trees.In this case, the results show a degradation in the accuracy of the GPS RTK which is accentuated with the reduction of the vision window and the presence of trees.The second considered situation is that of the space completely cleared in front of district where the first problem is absent.In this case, the results reveal clearly the effect of MPs which are caused primarily by the houses frontages of the bordering district.Therefore, by comparing the two results we distinguished the errors due to the MPs.Moreover, they show that this effect is trivial close to the houses and that it becomes increasingly significant when one moves away from there which is consistent with the nature and the physical aspect characterizing MPs.

S.
Titouni et al.DOI: 10.4236/pos.2017.8400449 Positioning ward an entire city to identify errors in any neighborhood.This paper is organized as follows: Section 2 describes the GPS signals in presence of MPs.In Section 3, we propose our scenarios for GPS and DGPS measurements and MPs error correction.Finally, the presentation of the results also some conclusions are summarized.

m∅:
Total phase plus the Doppler shift.
Navigation message emitted by the satellite.( ) p t : Pseudo random code modulated with a subcarrier.( ) m T t : Total delay of propagation.
(a): the line is determined by the dots in red, going from B1 to B20. • Case 2: with DGPS correction Figure 2(b): the line is determined by the dots in red, going from A1 to A20.The result of calculating the dots in the (β) streets is given in Figure 3.Here as well, we find the two cases: • Case 1: without DGPS correction Figure 3(a): the line is determined by the dots in blue starting from B1 up to B24. • Case 2: with DGPS correction Figure 3(b): the line is determined by the dots inred starting from A1 up to A24.

S.
Titouni et al.DOI: 10.4236/pos.2017.8400453 Positioning in order to minimize the effect of MP.

Table 1 .
Comparison between GPS and DGPS.