Influence of pH to Increase Grafting Degree into Fluoropolymers

Poly(ethylene-alt-tetra-fluoroethylene (ETFE) and poly(tetrafluoroethylene-cohexafluoropropylene) (FEP) were pre-irradiated under air using a Co gamma source to graft styrene at low pH. Grafting copolymers were tuned by study of different parameters (monomer, reaction time, temperature, and pH with addition of sulfuric acid (H2SO4)). The maximum degree of grafting was 80% and 40% for ETFE and FEP respectively at dose 2 kGy. Influence of low pH in grafting degree by adding sulfuric acid was studied. Grafting degree was examined by infrared (FTIR-ATR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and swelling behavior analysis after sulfonation process.


Introduction
As is known, fluoropolymers are used in a great variety of applications due to excellent physicochemical properties: chemical and thermal stability, hydrophobic, low surface energy, and environment resistance.Fluoropolymers have been modified by etching method or by ionizing radiation technology.Radiation technology is used as a grafting method to modify surfaces of materials in several areas (biomaterials, protective materials, wastewater treatment, fuel cells, alkaline cells, etc.) [1]- [13].It is known, that several authors have been applied fluoropolymers to study of proton exchange membranes for fuel cell technology [14]- [19].Modification of FEP (poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene)) and ETFE (poly(ethylene-alt-tetrafluoroethylene)) by styrene grafting, have been a low cost alternative to NAFION in the fuel cell and storage cell researches.In order to improve styrene grafting onto fluoropolymers using electron been radiation, Scherer's group has been optimized and developed sulfo-Open Journal of Polymer Chemistry nated membranes of 50 µm [20] [21] [22] [23] at low dose.Other authors have been employed gamma radiation or electron beam to maximize graft styrene at 100 kGy [24] [25] [26] [27].Gamma radiation has the advantage that penetration is higher than energy electron beams.For some applications where is not only grafting on surface important but also into bulk, gamma radiation is a better alternative.In order to increase grafting degree, sulfuric acid was added to monomer-solution to promote grafting into fluoropolymers at low pH.Different additives have been used to increase grafting degree onto polymer substrates as an attractive and economical option, because better grafting results at lower dose were obtained [28] [29] [30] [31] [32].Radiation dose required to carry out a particular grafting degree could be decreased at low pH with addition of mineral acid.Copolymers, synthesized at low dose, have no significant changes in its physico-chemical properties respect to synthesized at high dose (high dose promote crosslinking or scission in dependence of polymer structure).Addition of sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) (low pH solutions) in some grafting systems (natural or synthetic polymer) could improve grafting degree at low dose [29]- [37].In some grafting systems, there has been important to research the influence of low pH in the increase of grafting results, because at some concentrations of adding acid, there is no enhancing effect [38].Acid enhancing effect in fluoropolymers has been little studied [39], although grafting styrene into fluoropolymers (FEP [poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene)] and ETFE [poly(ethylene-alt-tetra-fluoroethylene)]) has extensively used for fuel cells [14] [21] [22] [40]- [47].
Acid enhanced could be due to irradiation of the solvent increases hydrogen atom yield (G(H)), low pH of grafting solutions and partitioning effect (partitioning effect consists in increase of monomer diffusion through substrate improving homogenous grafting).The hydrated electrons are scavenged by hydrogen ion (H + ) and transformed to hydrogen radical at low pH (H + + e→H • ).In solutions at low pH, radical yields are rather higher than in neutral or basic solutions.Formed hydrogen radicals are able to abstract hydrogen atoms from polymeric matrix and create additional sites for grafting initiation.Increasing of additional grafting sites and diffusion of more monomer onto substrate promote increase in the grafting degree at low dose.
To study the behavior of low pH in the grafting degree sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) as an additive was added.In comparison with other authors, we pretend to obtain grafting degree at low dose (0 to 5 kGy).In this work, influence of low pH in the creation of additional grafting sites or optimization of monomer diffusion through fluoropolymer (ETFE and FEP), was studied.Styrene grafting degree into FEP and ETFE by gamma radiation was examined by infrared (FTIR-ATR), differential scanning calorimetric analysis (DSC) and swelling analysis.

Materials
Toluene, ethanol, from Labsynth, Sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) from Merck, and styrene Open Journal of Polymer Chemistry from Huntsman Ltda were used as received.Fluoropolymers with thickness 125 µm (FEP and ETFE) were supplied by Goodfellow.UK.

Preparation of Grafting Copolymers
Fluoropolymers were cut into 5 × 2.5 cm pieces, washed in isopropanol and then dried at 60˚C under vacuum for 8 h.Cleaned polymers were weighed and irradiated by Co 60 gamma radiation source using pre-irradiation oxidative method at room temperature (dose rate 10 kGy/h).Low pH was studied by addition of acid at different molar acid concentrations (from 0.05 to 1 M H 2 SO 4 ) and acid percentage (from 1% to 10%), in solutions of monomer/solvent.Pre-irradiated fluoropolymers was put in glass tube (30 mL) with monomer-acid-solvent solutions and sealed under a nitrogen atmosphere.Sealed glass tubes were placed in a thermostatic bath at different temperatures and reaction times.After completed the reaction time, the residual unreacted monomer and homopolymer were removed from by Soxhlet system in toluene for 12 h.Then glass tubes with grafting copolymers and toluene were put in sonication bath for 6 h, and finally dried at 60˚C under vacuum.Grafting degree (GD) was calculated using the following equation: where G wg andG w0 are grafted and initial weights respectively.

Characterization of Grafting Copolymers
Copolymers were characterized by FTIR-ATR spectra using previously dried films (Nexus 6700 FTIR Thermo Scientific, Nicolet 6700 FTIR-MID) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) (822 Mettler-Toledo under nitrogen atmosphere at a heating rate of 10˚C/min, in the temperature range of 24˚C to 350˚C).Swelling degree was used to check modification of grafting copolymers after sulfonation process (grafted films were previously sulfonated with 2 vol.% chlorosulfonic acid in dichloromethane at room temperature for 8 h, washed with distillated water for 24 h and dried at 60˚C).Modified samples were immersed in distillated water for 24 h, removed from the solvent at different time intervals, their surface blotted with a piece of paper, weighed and placed again in water at room temperature.Swelling degree was calculated gravimetrically as follows: ( ) where W 0 and W Sf are dried and swollen weights of grafted copolymers, respectively.

Grafting Degree
Styrene grafting onto FEP and ETFE films was done using oxidative pre-irradiation method.Absorbed dose, temperature, monomer concentration, acid-enhancing and reaction time were studied by tuning grafting degree.Grafting degree was Open Journal of Polymer Chemistry calculated with the Equation (1).Monomer concentration was adjusted to graft styrene onto ETFE (ETFE-g-St) at 20%, 40% 60% and 80% (V/V styrene/ethanol) without acid.pH of these solution was between 5 and 6. Figure 1 shows an increase in grafting degree with increase of styrene concentration as expected.
Grafting degree does not show significant changes at higher concentrations because of homopolymer formation predominates over grafted into fluoropolymer, and there is not apparently dependence of dose in the grafting degree.
Figure 2 shows grafting degree as a function of molar acid concentration H 2 SO 4 .Grafting of styrene onto ETFE (ETFE-g-St) and FEP (FEP-g-St) was calculated with the Equation (1).10% of different molar acid concentrations were added at solution styrene/ethanol (40/50 V/V). Figure 2 shows an increase at 0.05 M in grafting degree, after 0.05 M grafting degree decreased and remained without appreciable changes until 0.8 M. Increase-decrease behavior could depend of diffusion of styrene into fluoropolymer backbone promoted by dissolution of H 2 SO 4 in the bulk grafting solution and influence of pH due to at low pH radical yields are higher to react with monomer and fluoropolymer.Grafting degree after 1 M decreased anew because of less monomer available close to active sites where grafting carried out and homopolymer inhibition.Buzanowski and coworkers probed that incorporation of strong acids retarded or reduced homopolymerization rates, which could permit diffusion of styrene trough matrix before homopolymerization [48].Due to monomer diffusion by interaction acid-monomer-fluoropolymer at 0.05 M, grafting degree was more favorable than without acid or superior molar concentrations of H 2 SO 4 .Most active radical species might be formed at low pH.Active radical species rapidly decompose and interact with monomer-solvent that promotes a lot of free radicals to enhance grafting degree.
Figure 3 shows grafting degree as a function of different percentage of added acid.Grafting process took place at 2 kGy using H 2 SO 4 0.05 M, 70˚C reaction Figure 1.Grafting degree for ETFE as a function of the monomer concentration in ethanol at different dose, reaction temperature 60˚C and reaction time 12 h.
) 2 kGy, ) 5 kGy and ) 10 kGy.temperature for 24 h in thermostatic bath.For both grafting systems with ETFE and FEP, were presented maximum grafting degree at 2% of added acid (pH ~3.3).Higher acid percentage (1 < pH < 4) could reduce homopolymerization and pH > 4 could increase competition with generated stable radicals and contribute to decrease of grafting degree.In the case of ETFE, is possible to generate more active sites available to grafting due to chemical structure and interaction of C-C, C-H and C-F bonds during gamma irradiation.In the case of FEP, C-C and C-F are more difficult to produce radicals available for grafting.Figure 5 shows a grafting degree as a function of temperature.Grafting degree increased with increase of temperature due to activation of radicals.During grafting process, hydroperoxides are more active than peroxides with increasing temperature, which causes its decomposition and reaction with available monomer [49].An increase in temperature promoted monomer diffusion into fluoropolymer increasing grafting degree.Differences in chemical structure between ETFE and FEP promoted higher radical formation in ETFE due to bond C-H is easier to break than C-C and C-F during irradiation (Scheme 1).The radical formation in FEP is due to bond break C-C or C-F, but is more probably that bond break C-C occurs because of bond in C-F is stronger than C-C [50].
Figure 6 showed grafting degree as a function of reaction time.Grafting degree increase with reaction time as expected.Both grafting systems (FEP-g-St and ETFE-g-St) have not significant changes after 15 h.Grafting degree (%) the same than ETFE spectrum, but the Figure 6 shows the difference between unmodified FEP and modified with styrene.and 100˚C for ETFE and FEP system respectively.T g and melting point temperature (T m ) of polystyrene has been reported at ~100˚C and 240˚C respectively [51] [52].T m of grafting systems with styrene did not show an evident variation respect to initial fluoropolymers.This temperature variation was due to grafting process (radiation, reaction temperature, styrene diffusion).Thermogram could be an evidence of the grafting copolymer and confirm infrared analysis.

Swelling Analysis
After sulfonation of grafting fluoropolymers with styrene, swelling degree was studied by immersion of copolymers in distilled water as a function of time and grafting degree (Figure 9(a) and Figure 9(b)).Figure 9(a) shows that swelling degree has not significant variations up to 12 h.

Conclusions
Grafting of styrene onto FEP and ETFE by pre-irradiation method in air was done and increased by tuning of pH with addition of H 2 SO 4 .The grafting of styrene onto FEP and ETFE was increased by optimization of monomer concentration, reaction time, reaction temperature and dose at 2 kGy using gamma radiation.The best grafting degree of styrene onto FEP and ETFE was found ~40% and 80% respectively.Optimal conditions were styrene/ethanol concentration 60/40 (V/V), reaction temperature of 60˚C and reaction time of 15 h.Grafting degree was optimized at pH 3.5, where the most active radical species might be formed to graft enhancing into fluoropolymers, increasing reliability and application of these grafting films.FTIR-ATR confirmed grafting process onto fluoropolymers due to new band associated to grafting styrene and not only a presence of styrene.DSC technique confirmed the modification with styrene due to variation of thermal behavior of unmodified and modified copolymers with styrene.Different swelling degree of modified fluoropolymers reported in this work, confirmed the presence of grafting styrene.Grafting films with styrene were produced several times to confirm its reproducibility.Different grafting degrees for both systems could be employed in several applications as hydrogen membrane cells, encapsulation in solar cells devices or alkaline cells; in the case of alkaline developments, our group will use our modified fluoropolymers to research it in future.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Grafting degree as a function of acid percentage added.Monomer concentration remained at 40% in ethanol, H 2 SO 4 0.05 M, dose 2 kGy, reaction temperature 70˚C and reaction time 24 h ) ETFE and )FEP.

Figure 4 4 Figure 4 .
Figure4shows grafting degree as a function of pH.Grafting reaction was carried out at constant reaction time (24 h), temperature 70˚C, dose (2 kGy) and concentration (40/60 styrene/ethanol).pH was changed from 1 to 5 with incorporation of sulfuric acid 0.05 M. Grafting degree showed an increase with

Figure 7 shows
Figure 7 shows FTIR spectra of fluoropolymers unmodified and modified with styrene.For ETFE, symmetric and asymmetric vibrations CH 2 are at 2850 -2920 cm −1 respectively.At 1460 cm −1 and 1490 cm −1 represent C-H and C-F-C deformation respectively.3100 -3000 cm −1 can be assigned to stretching vibrations of the C-H of aromatic ring.2850 cm −1 is asymmetric stretching of CH 2 of grafting styrene.At 1625 cm −1 corresponds to aromatic C=C bonds stretching vibrations.The bands at 1670-1950 cm −1 are attributed to harmonic bands C-H of the aromatic ring out of plane deformation.For FEP spectrum the bands are observed

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. IR spectra of unmodified and modified ETFE and FEP with styrene.

Figure 8 shows
Figure 8 shows DSC thermograms of initial fluoropolymer (FEP and ETFE) and grafting with styrene.DSC analysis was useful to find thermal transition temperatures and checked final grafting onto fluoropolymers.Membranes modified with styrene exhibited an apparently glass transition temperature (T g ) at 87˚C

Figure 9 (
b) shows that swelling Open Journal of Polymer Chemistry
Open Journal of Polymer Chemistry degree increases with increase of grafting degree as expected after sulfonation process.Swelling degree remains constant after several cycles (drying at 60˚C for 48 h and anew immersion in distilled water several times).