Design of a Three-Dimensional Centrifugal Fan with Controlled Blade Loading Approach

The high flow-rate centrifugal fan needs a three-dimensional impeller to achieve a high efficiency. In this paper, the design procedure of a high-efficiency three-dimensional centrifugal fan is presented. First, the main dimensions of the fan were calculated by using the conventional one-dimensional method. Then, the blade loading or the angular momentum distribution along the meridional streamline on the blade surfaces is prescribed. After that, the three-dimensional blade is determined by using the streamline curvature method. With the aid of numerical simulations, the performance of the three-dimensional fan was improved and some of the key influence factors were investigated. The analyses indicate that, as to the high flow-rate centrifugal fan, the Stanitz modified formula is recommended to calculate the separation radius, rb. A proper increase in the separation radius is beneficial for the fan’s performance. It is also indicated that a decrease in the angular momentum on the hub leads to an increase in total pressure efficiency, under the condition of a given constant mean angular momentum at the outlet of the blade. In addition, the installation of a fairing on the hub plate can improve the fan’s efficiency evidently when the streamline curvature method is adopted to design the three-dimensional impeller.


Introduction
Centrifugal machinery has been widely used in different fields.The impeller, as a key component, has a significant effect on the performance of the centrifugal machinery.Because of the high energy consumption and the high manufacturing cost, improving the aerodynamic performance of the centrifugal compressor impeller has always been the hot research topic in the literature.Some examples are cited here as references.For instance, Kim et al. [1] optimized the meridional flow path of the impeller in terms of Pareto-optimal solutions.The optimization results showed that both of the isentropic efficiency and the total pressure ratio were enhanced at the design and off-design conditions.In another paper, Kim et al. [2] optimized the meridional channel of impeller based on the radial basis neural network method, to improve the pressure ratio.The results showed that the pressure ratio of the optimum impeller at the design flow coefficient was enhanced by 2.43% in comparison with the reference impeller, and the pressure ratios at the off-design flow coefficients were also improved.In the research of Shibata et al. [3], five types of unshrouded impellers were designed, manufactured, and tested to evaluate the effects of blade loading, back sweep angle, and relative velocity diffusion ratio on the compressor performance.It was concluded that an increased relative velocity diffusion ratio coupled with large back sweep angles was a very effective way to improve the compressor stage efficiency.An appropriate blade loading distribution was a key factor in achieving a wide operating range as well as high efficiency.In their later study [4], the blade loading distribution was further optimized, with four shrouded impellers being designed, manufactured and tested, to evaluate the effects of blade loading, back sweep angle, and relative velocity diffusion ratio on compressor performance.It was concluded that aft-loading coupled with a high degree of reaction was a very effective way to improve surge margin as well as stage efficiency.In the aerodynamic design of a centrifugal impeller with the pressure ratio up to 6.2, Zangeneh et al. [5] found that the choice of a strongly aft-loaded hub and mildly aft-loaded shroud for the main blade helped to provide good compromise between suppression of secondary flows and decreasing the shock losses in the inducer.Furthermore, by unloading the hub and mid-span rapidly in the inducer area, it was possible to reduce the shock strength in the inducer from mid-span to hub.The conclusions of Xi et al. [6] and Geng et al. [7] also indicated that the angular momentum distribution along impeller surface has a great influence on the performance of centrifugal impellers.At present, investigations and explorations into the aerodynamics of the centrifugal compressor impeller almost cover its every aspect, and the impeller with three-dimensional (3D) blades has been adopted in practice for decades.
Compared with the vast papers published on centrifugal compressor impellers, only a few documents were devoted to the aerodynamic design and optimization of the impeller of centrifugal fans, with less being focused on the 3D impeller.The major reason is that the centrifugal fan's impeller is generally manufactured by welding steel plates.Therefore, it is hard to make the meridional flow path as smooth as those of centrifugal compressors [1] and pumps [8], and the channel has to take the simple shape as that shown in Figure 2 in reference [9].In addition, because the diameter of a large centrifugal fan's impeller can be up to 3 -4 meters, its blades are generally two-dimensional (not twisted blades) [10] [11] in order to reduce manufacturing costs.This tradition even affects the design of the impeller in small centrifugal fans [12] and the impeller using air-Open Journal of Fluid Dynamics foil-shaped blades [13].
The centrifugal fan has the features of a high flow rate and a large relative width of the impeller.This implies that the 3D impeller is more suitable to be adopted to face the complex internal flow fields in the centrifugal fan, which attracted the attention of some researchers.For example, in 2007 Tsai and Wu [14] designed a miniature 3D centrifugal fan's impeller by just modeling a compressor prototype which has a high pressure ratio.They matched the impeller with a volute and manufactured the 3D impeller by CNC 5-axex machines.Unfortunately, the experimental measurements showed that at the same low rotational speed of 2000 rpm, both of the flow rate and pressure rise of the 3D fan were less than the commercial fan in the market, and the designed fan was rather inefficient either.In the study of Lee et al. [15], they designed a 3D impeller by adding an inducer to the 2D blades, which is a common practice in the design of 3D compressor impeller in the 1970s.But the efficiency of this centrifugal fan is only 70%.Kruyt and Westra [16] designed the 3D blades of centrifugal pumps and fans by changing the stacking condition at the trailing edge in combination with the prescribed mean-swirl distribution along the blade.By altering a parameter called "q", the blades loads can be changed from the front-loading to the aft-loading.
From the discussion above, the application of the 3D impeller in centrifugal fans is rather limited till now compared with compressors, due to the manufac- This paper is dedicated to exploring a reliable method on the design of a high-efficiency 3D centrifugal fan.In this paper, the aerodynamic load of the angular momentum (rV θ ) along the blade surface is controlled by proposed piecewise polynomials.Then the 3D blade is determined by using the streamline curvature method.After that, the flow field and aerodynamic performance of the 3D fan are simulated and analyzed, to determine the best design, with the volute and air inlet being designed in the conventional way.Finally, the high efficiency 3D centrifugal fan is made and tested.

Distribution Law of Angular Momentum
The distribution law of angular momentum on the blade surface is prescribed by three polynomials.The partition of the blade meridional channel is schematical-ly shown in Figure 1.Accordingly, the three polynomial curves are applied to the blade inlet zone (transition zone), middle zone (middle blade region) and exit zone (impeller slip zone), respectively.
The actual expressions of the angular momentum distribution of each segment in Figure 1 are given as below.
In the transition zone from the leading Edge 1-1 of the blade to Section L-L: ( ) In the middle blade region from Section L-L to b-b: ( ) In the impeller slip zone from Section b-b to the exit of the Blade 2-2: ( ) where m is the relative length along the meridional streamline from the leading edge to the trailing edge of the blade, and the value range is 0 -1.
It is assumed that no pre-swirl and no air impingement occurring at the leading edge of the blade, and let ( ) 1 0 rV θ = , ( ) In addition, the angular momentum at the outlet of the blade is assumed ( ) where 2 r is the outer radius of the impeller, 2 τ is the blade blocking factor at the blade outlet and N is the blade number.
Because the blade passage of the fan's centrifugal impeller is usually shorter than that of compressor's, the calculated separation radius r b of above formula is often too small.In order to solve this problem, the Stanitz correction formula is used as follows: ( ) where l b is the length of meridional streamline of the separation point b from the blade leading edge, and r b is determined by the length of l b .

Design of the 3D Centrifugal Fan
Table 1 shows the design requirements of a high flow-rate centrifugal fan.Table 2 shows the preliminary design results of the centrifugal fan using one dimensional design method.The relative outlet width of the impeller is 0.2, which is a rather large value.The shapes of the shroud and hub are both made up of an arc line and a straight line, as shown in Figure 2, to facilitate the convergence of the streamline curvature method.
The angular momentums of the shroud and hub at the impeller exit are set to

Simulating Models and Boundary Conditions
The volute and collector are designed by using the conventional 1D design method.The overall shape of the physical models for performance simulations of the 3D fan is shown in Figure 5.
To simulate the performance of the 3D fan, the CFX 15.0 software was used and the collector was extended and a uniform inlet velocity was used on the inlet boundary.
Table 3 shows the computational results in the test of mesh independence.In the four simulations, little changes are observed for the results of the simulated efficiencies and pressure rises.Consequently, the grid distribution with number of 5.5 million is chosen in the following simulations.The rotor and collector have a structured grid number of about 2.5 million and 0.53 million, respectively.The structured grid number for the volute is around 2.5 million.The grid topologies for the three elements are shown in Figure 6.
The working fluid of the fan is air and Realizable k-ε model is adopted.The rotational speed of the impeller is 2900 rpm.At the inlet of the collector, the total pressure of 101,325 Pa and the total temperature of 293.05K are prescribed.
In addition, the incoming flow is assumed uniformly and normally on the inlet boundary.On the outlet boundary, i.e. the exit of the volute, the flow rate is given as 36.7 m 3 •min −1 .The frozen rotor is used to treat the interface between the rotor and the stationary elements.

Influence of Separation Radius
The position of Section b-b in the meridional flow path of a centrifugal compressor impeller is usually determined by the Stanitz formula, Equation (4).
Because a high flow-rate centrifugal fan usually has a large diameter ratio of D 1 /D 2 , the meridional blade path of a fan's impeller is usually shorter than that of the compressor's.As a result, the calculated separation radius, r b , is often too Open Journal of Fluid Dynamics  small, and sometimes it is even smaller than the inlet radius of the blade.Therefore, it is recommended to calculate the separation radius, r b , according to the Stanitz correction equation, Equation (5).Section b-b is the starting position to consider the slip effect of the flow in the blade passage; therefore, it is interesting to study its influence on the performance of the 3D fan.For this purpose, four schemes of the 3D fan were designed and numerical simulated by just altering the position of line b-b, or the separation radius, r b .The details are presented in the following.Table 4 shows the aerodynamic performance of the fan designed with different separation radius, in which Scheme 1 is the simulation result with the separation radius determined by Equation (5).For Schemes 2 to 4, the separation radius, r b , is gradually increased.Figure 7 shows the distribution of angular momentum and its gradients along the streamline near the shroud for the 4    a straight line for the shapes of both the hub and the shroud, to facilitate the implement of the streamline curvature method.But in the simulations, the fairing was removed to imitate the situation of the simple plate hub.
The total pressure, static pressure and velocity contours of Scheme 4 (left) and

Volute Design
The spiral volute is designed in terms of the conventional method, and the overall profile of the volute is shown in Figure 11.The geometrical dimensions of the volute are calculated by the following expressions:   ( ) where A represents the expanding rate of volute.
The volute is another important element in centrifugal fan.To obtain a high-efficiency fan, four schemes of the fan are designed with only the values of A for the volute being changed (the width of the volute keeps unchanged).Table 6 shows the aerodynamic performance of Schemes 7 to 10.As shown, Scheme 9 has the highest total pressure efficiency and total pressure rise.
Because scheme 9 has the highest total pressure, it is selected as the final design.Figure 12 shows the total pressure contour and streamline of the scheme 9.The flow fields inside the fan are obviously uniform and there exist no evident reverse flows.
The designed fan has been manufactured, as shown in Figure 13.The prototype of Scheme 9 has been tested in a company's test rig.The test results agree well with the simulated performance, but the detailed data were kept in the company and is not given to us.

Conclusions
In this paper, a high flow-rate centrifugal fan with a 3D impeller is designed.The main dimensions of the impeller were firstly determined by using the conventional methods.Then the shape of the 3D blade was designed by prescribing the blade loading, or the angular momentum, along the blade meridional streamlines, in combination with the streamline curvature method.The aerodynamic performance of the designed fan was obtained by numerical simulations and a high-efficiency 3D fan was successfully designed.In the design process, the influence of some key parameters was compared and analyzed.Some conclusions are obtained as follows: For a high flow-rate impeller, the blade passage is usually short.The calculated separation radius is often too small by using the common Stanitz equation.
It is suggested to use the Stanitz correction equation to determine the separation radius which is the starting point to consider the slip effect of the flow in the impeller.The numerical results show that the aerodynamic performance of the 3D fan can be improved with further properly increasing the separation radius.
turing cost and the simple shape of the meridional flow path.Different approaches in the design of the 3D impeller in centrifugal fan have been investigated by researchers, but the efficiencies are not as high as expected.With the great progress in manufacturing technology like 3D printing in recent time, 3D impellers in centrifugal fans have found more applications, especially for those in mass production.This is because the manufacturing cost of the mass-production 3D impeller in centrifugal fans can drop considerably by virtue of comprehensive flow field analyses and performance tests by using the cheap models made by 3D printing technology.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Schematic diagram of partition of the blade channel.

be 4 .
54 m 2 •s −1 , 4.58 m 2 •s −1 , respectively.The angular momentum along the shroud is shown in Figure3(a).The angular momentum gradient distribution near the shroud is shown in Figure3(b), which is a uniform loading distribution.Similarly, the angular momentum distribution near the hub also uses the uniform loading method.Figure4shows the shape of the designed the three-dimensional impeller.
coefficient Q 0.1899 Open Journal of Fluid Dynamics

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the meridional channel shape.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Angular momentum and its gradient distribution near the shroud: (a) Angular momentum; (b) Angular momentum gradient.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Distribution of angular momentum and angular momentum gradient along the streamline near the shroud: (a) Angular momentum; (b) Angular momentum gradient.

Scheme 5 (
Scheme 5 (right) are shown for comparison in Figure 10.It can be seen that the outlet contours of Scheme 5 are more uniform than those of Scheme 4. The fairing plays an important role in increasing the efficiency and improving the uniform of the flow field.Second, increasing the angular momentum near the shroud and decreasing the angular momentum near the hub is also beneficial for efficiency improvement.

( 6 )
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Figure 10 .
Figure 10.Total pressure, static pressure and velocity contours of Schemes 4 and 5 at the impeller outlet: (a) Total pressure; (b) Static pressure; (c) Velocity.

Table 2 .
One dimensional design results.

Table 4 .
Aerodynamic performance of different separation radius.

Table 5 .
Aerodynamic performance of different schemes.

Table 6 .
Aerodynamic performance of different schemes.
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