Radiation Absorption and Variable Electrical Conductivity Effect on High Speed MHD Free Convective Flow past an Exponential Accelerated Inclined Plate

The effects of variable electrical conductivity and radiation absorption on high-speed MHD (Magnetohydrodynamics) free convective flow past an exponential accelerated inclined plate with higher order chemical reaction have been investigated. The electrical conductivity has been considered as a function of temperature. The chemical reaction has also been considered as the higher order. The usual transformations have been used to obtain the coupled dimensionless momentum, energy and concentration equations. Then the obtained non-dimensional partial differential equations have been solved numerically by explicit finite difference method. For excellent accuracy, stability and convergence test have been carried out. A computer program Compaq Visual FORTRAN 6.6a has been used to calculate the numerical results. The obtained numerical results concerned with the fluid velocity, temperature, concentration, concerned with skin friction, Nusselt number, Sherwood number, streamlines and isotherms are imprinted graphically by Tecplot and discussed in details. It is noticed that increasing of magnetic parameter increases the temperature and decreases the velocity, skin friction and Nusselt number. It is also observed that the temperature profile is increasing with the increasing values of Dufour number. However, the order of the chemical reaction increases the concentration profile.


Introduction
A fluid is a substance that is subject to deformation upon application of any shear force or stress.Fluid dynamics is an area of study that deals with the flow of fluids.The fluids in consideration include gases, liquids and ionized gases are also called plasma.Electromagnetism on the other hand studies the interaction between the electric and magnetic fields.Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) is the study of motion of electrically conducting fluids with the influence of electromagnetic phenomena.Magnetohydrodynamics is now undertaking a stage of great development.The MHD in the current form is due to contributions of several notable authors like Shercliff [1], Ferraro and Plumpton [2], Jaffrey [3] and Pop and Ingham [4].There are numerous engineering applications for this phenomenon, such as solar structures, astrophysics, purification of crude oil, underground water storage system, soil sciences, paper industry, textile industry, pulp, nuclear power reactor, accelerators in geophysics and design of MHD generators.The applications of MHD principles in medicine and biology are of salient interest owing to their importance in biomedical engineering such as cardiac MRI, ECG etc.
Convection flows have greatly fascinated the researchers and engineers due to their presence both in nature and engineering applications.Free convection refers to the motion of fluid initiated exclusively owing to the density difference during the cooling or heating of the fluid.It might also arise due to the difference in both temperature gradients and species concentration.The study of free convection flow has many momentous applications such as the nuclear reactor, thermal hydraulics, frost formation and channel-chimney systems.Laminar free convection has many industrial and environmental applications such as thermal regulation process, motors, atmospheric flows, human comfort in buildings, and electronic cooling devices.A free convective heat transfer problem was first performed by Finston [5].The first elementary assumptions of fluid dynamics are the conservation of mass or the continuity of mass with a flow system.The second elementary assumptions of fluid dynamics are the conservation of linear momentum or Newton's second law of motion.The third elementary assumptions of fluid dynamics are the conservation of energy or the first law of thermo-dynamics.
A fundamental law linking pressure drop and velocity in fluid flow through porous media is Darcy's law.The flow of a fluid through a porous medium is delineated by the Darcy's law.
With the experimental results on the flow of water through beds of sand, Henry Darcy was initiated the Darcy's law.Darcy's law is employed to scrutinize water flow through an aquifer.Also Darcy's law is applied to recount gas, water, and oil flows through petroleum reservoirs.The Darcy linear model is insufficient in the presence of higher velocities.In this case an inertial term is added to the Darcy's equation, which is known as Forchheimer term.Forchheimer [6] investigated fluid flow through porous media in the high velocity regime.He as Wooding [7] and Brinkman [8] [9] to study the convective flow in porous media accurately.
When the solid boundary permits fluid to pass through it, then we can consider a porous medium.A porous medium is said to be homogenous if the ratio of the pore area to the total area of the solid boundary is a constant.Otherwise the medium is termed as non-homogeneous.Porous media can be used as an insulator and also can be utilized as a heat transfer promoter for either sensible or latent heat transfer.The heat transfer flow through a porous media has empiric applications particularly in geophysical fluid dynamics such as beach sand, sandstone, limestone, wood, small blood vessels, and in the human lung.Free Thermal radiation is a process by which energy is emitted by a heated surface in all directions in the form of electromagnetic radiation and travels in a combination of magnetic and electric waves.Recently, Mondal et al. [11] have studied the effect of radiation on heat transfer problems.The study of thermal radiation on free convection flow has various practical applications such as high-speed flights, re-entry of space vehicle and power generation plants.The influence of radiation on MHD flow with heat and mass transfer plays a vital role in industrial and technological areas such as various space vehicles, various propulsion devices for satellites, missiles, aircraft, gas turbines and nuclear power plants.
Radiation and mass transfer effects on unsteady MHD convective flow past an infinite vertical plate with Dufour and Soret effects have been delineated by Vedavathi et al. [12].In their study, they have made use of shooting method along with Runge-Kutta fourth order integration technique.Prakash et al. [13] [14].From the observation of Vedavathi et al. [12], Prakash et al. [13] and Umamaheswar et al. [14], it is noticed that the velocity and temperature in the boundary layer increase owing to the presence of absorption of radiation.
The free convection problem in the presence of high-speed magnetic field has enormous industrial applications such as welding, the safety aspect of gas-cooled reactors, solar energy collectors, crystal growth, materials processing and cooling reactors.Desale and Pradhan [15] have used implicit finite difference technique to obtain the solution of MHD boundary layer heat transfer over a moving plate.
Mishra and Jena [16] have used Runge-Kutta fourth-order algorithm to calculate the numerical results of boundary layer MHD flow with viscous dissipation and the computations have been done by a computational computer language, MATLAB.Haque and Sarder [17] have imposed explicit finite difference scheme to complete the investigation of convective heat and mass transfer of high-speed MHD flow over a stretching sheet with the influence of thermal diffusion.Haque and Sarder [17] have also discussed the stability criteria of the explicit finite difference method in a nutshell.From the experiments of Desale and Pradhan [15], Mishra and Jena [16] and Haque and Sarder [17], it is observed that temperature enhances in the presence of high-speed MHD.
Dissipation is the strait of metamorphosing mechanical energy of downward-flowing water into acoustical and thermal energy.Viscous dissipation effects play a momentous role in free convection in various devices which are operated at high speeds.To define the viscosity of dilute suspensions, dissipation function is used (Einstein [18]).Viscous dissipation with magneto hydrodynamic flow has many momentous geothermal, technological and industrial applications such as MHD accelerators and MHD power generation, liquid, and metal nuclear reactors.When the flow field is in high gravitational field or at low temperature or of exhaustive size, the viscous dissipation heat in the free convective flow is momentous.The importance of viscous dissipative heat in free convection flow in the case of constant heat flux and isothermal at the plate has been demonstrated by Gebharat [19].Variable heat and mass transfer under the assumption of different physical phenomena have already been carried out by many scholars.Kishore et al. [20] have employed implicit finite difference method of Crank-Nicolson's type to obtain the numerical solution of viscous dissipation and heat transfer on MHD free convection flow past an exponentially accelerated vertical plate with variable temperature.They have also analyzed stability and convergence test of implicit finite difference method.The flow of an electrically conducting fluid past a continuously moving plate was initiated by Sakiadis [21].
Abd El-Naby et al. [22]  Magnetohydrodynamics free convective flow past a vertical porous plate has been presented by Gundagani et al. [24] by employing a finite element method.Javaherdeh et al. [25] have imposed implicit finite difference method to find the numerical solution of MHD free convection heat and mass transfer flow past a moving vertical plate in a porous medium.The temperature and concentration level at the plate surface have been followed a power law type of distribution in their observation.Pattnaik et al. [26] have investigated mass transfer and radiation effects on MHD flow through porous medium past an exponentially accelerated inclined plate with variable temperature.The Laplace transformation method has been used to solve the governing equations in the computations of Pattnaik et al. [26].From the analysis of Pattnaik et al. [26], it is reported that the presence of magnetic field and angle of inclination prevents the flow reversal.
The effect of variable electrical conductivity has not been taken into consideration, in the above pointed out investigations.Engineers can control many metallurgical processes by taking suitable electrical conductivity of fluids.Steady MHD natural convection flow with variable electrical conductivity and heat generation along an isothermal vertical plate has been studied by Shrama and Singh [27] by applying Runge-Kutta fourth order method along with shooting iteration scheme.The authors have used similarity transformation for converting partial differential equations into ordinary differential equations.Also, the authors have used commercial software Mathematica for drawing graphs.Chakraborty and Medhi [28] have investigated MHD convective flow along a vertical isothermal plate under variable electrical conductivity and heat generation in a porous medium by using Runge-Kutta method of shooting iteration technique.
They have considered that the electrical conductivity is a function of temperature and the Prandtl number is very low.
The rate of mass diffusion can be changed effectively by the presence of chemical reactions.In nature it is quite improbable to find pure fluid unless special efforts are taken to get it.The most common fluids like water and air are contaminated with impurities like CO 2 , C 6 H 6 and H 2 SO 4 etc.When such contaminant is contain in the fluid under consideration there takes place some chemical reaction e.g.water and sulfuric acid react chemically, also air and benzene (Umamaheswar et al. [14]).In most of cases of chemical reaction, the reaction rate counts on the concentration of the species itself.Heat will be originated when a chemical reaction takes place between two species.We can take a first order chemical reaction when the foreign mass exists in the fluid at very low level and the heat originated owing to the chemical reaction can be ignored (Sharma and Deka [29]).If the rate of reaction is directly proportional to concentration itself, then the reaction is said to be of first-order (Sharma et al. [30]).A reaction is said to be of the order l, if the reaction rate is proportional to the l-power of concentration.Chemical reaction can be classified as either heterogeneous or homogeneous processes.The reaction is homogeneous if it occurs in solution and heterogeneous if it occurs at an interface in a well mixed system.
The combined heat and mass transfer problems in the presence of higher order chemical reaction are important in chemical industries like in curing of plastics, food processing, manufacture of pulp, insulated cables and polymer production.
It is significant to investigate the effects of heat generation or absorption when fluids undertaking endothermic or exothermic chemical reactions.The presence of heat generation or absorption can be used in semiconductor wafers and electronic chips.Alam and Ahammad [31] have applied Nachtsheim-Swigert shooting iteration technique with sixth-order Runge-Kutta integration scheme to study the effects of variable chemical reaction and variable electric conductivity on free convective heat and mass transfer flow along an inclined stretching sheet with variable heat and mass fluxes under the influence of Dufour and Soret effects.They have considered that electrical conductivity is a function of velocity.
They have observed that velocity and concentration profiles increase but temperature profiles decrease with the increasing values of order of chemical reaction.MHD free convective flow over a vertical cone with variable electric conductivity in the presence of chemical reaction has been delineated by Kumar et al. [32] by applying an efficient finite difference technique of the Crank-Nicol- son type.
In the above study, most of the scholars have used P r = 0.71 and S c = 0.60 in their computations.The ultimate aim of the this present problem is to develop the effects of variable electrical conductivity and radiation absorption on high speed MHD fee convective flow past an exponential accelerated inclined plate.
The electrical conductivity has been taken as a function of temperature.The chemical reaction has also been assumed as higher order.From Alam and Ahammad [31] it is noticed that the reaction having order four or more are practically improbable.Therefore we have also considered the order of the reaction as l = 1; 2 and 3 in this research investigation.The coupled partial differential equations are transformed into dimensionless by applying non-dimensional quantities.Then the resultant dimensionless equations are solved numerically by employing an efficient, accurate and conditionally stable finite difference technique of explicit type with the help of a program FORTRAN 6.6a.The stability and convergence analysis has been carried out to establish the effect of velocity, temperature, concentration, skin friction, Nusselt number and Sherwood number.At last, the effects of momentous parameters are presented graphically and discussed qualitatively.

Mathematical Formulation
Consider an unsteady two-dimensional laminar free convective flow past a porous plate, which is embedded in an incompressible viscous fluid having temperature dependent electrical conductivity.The fluid is taken to be a gray, absorbing emitting radiation but not scattering the medium.The plate is inclined to the vertical direction by an angle φ.The x-axis is directed along the plate in the direction of the fluid and y-axis is considered normal to the plate in the fluid.At first, it is taken that the plate and the fluid are of the same temperature T ∞ with concentration level C ∞ at all points.At time t > 0, the plate is exponentially accelerated in its own plane with a velocity U o exp(a * t).At the same time, the temperature of the plate and the concentration level are also decreased or increased exponentially with respect to time t.It is considered that a radiative heat flux q r is employed in the perpendicular direction to the plate.It is also considered that a higher order chemical reaction taking place between the fluid and the diffusing species.A transverse magnetic field of fixed magnitude B o is employed perpendicular to the direction of the flow.It is considered that the induced magnetic field is insignificant in comparison to the employed magnetic field.The physical diagram of the problem is elucidated in Figure 1.
Under the boundary layer approximation, governing equations that deliberate the physical condition of the problem are given by where x and y are the dimensional distance along and perpendicular to the plate respectively.u and v are the velocity components in the x and y directions respectively, t is the time, υ is the kinematics viscosity, μ is the viscosity, g is the gravitational acceleration, σ is the electric conductivity of the fluid in the boundary layer region depending on the fluid temperature, B o is the magnetic induction, ρ is the fluid density, β ′ and β* are the heat and mass transfer volume expansion coefficients respectively, k is the Darcy permeability, b is the empirical constant (Vedavathi et al. [8]), κ is the thermal conductivity, c p is the specific heat at constant pressure, c s is the concentration susceptibility, D m is the molecular diffusivity of the species concentration, 1 Q * is the coefficient of proportionality of the radiation, T m is the mean fluid temperature, κ T is the thermal diffusion ratio, ɑ* is the dimensional acceleration parameter, k r is the reaction rate constant, l is the order of chemical reaction and Q o is the heat generation constant, which may be either positive or negative.The heat source becomes positive in case of heat generation and negative in case of heat absorption.
The initial and boundary conditions relevant to the present problem are as follows: at 0 exp 0, , as A few forms of electrical conductivity difference are found in the literature.
Among them we have taken that one which is absolute for liquid as follows: ( ) where σ is the electrical conductivity at the surface temperature and ε ′ is a con- stant based on the electrical property of the fluid.
Here we introduce a non-dimensional electrical conductivity variation parameter ε such that Substituting variable ( 7) into (6) takes to the following form A similar result (8) has been presented by Shrama and Singh [27] The radiative heat flux for the matter of an optically thin gray gas can be written as (Raju et al. [10]) where σ* and k 1 are the Stefan-Boltzmann constant and mean absorption coefficient respectively.We considered that the temperature changes within the flow are adequately small such that T 4 may be expanded as a linear function of the temperature.Expanding T 4 in a Taylor series about T ∞ and ignoring higher order terms, we obtain Substituting Equation ( 10) into (9) leads to the following form The non-dimensional variables appropriate to this problem are as follows: Insertion of Equations ( 12), ( 11) and ( 8) into (1)-( 4) leads to the following dimensionless equations: The corresponding initial and boundary conditions are as follows: The

Numerical Solution
The present problem has required a set of finite difference equations.In this process the region within the boundary layer is divided into grid or meshes of lines parallel to X and Y coordinates where X-axis is considered along the plate and Y-axis is perpendicular to the plate.Here the plate of height is taken X max (=20) i.e.X varies from 0 to 20 and as corresponds to Y max (=25) i.e.Y varies from 0 to 25. Grid spacing in the X and Y direction are m max = 100 and n max = respectively.∆X and ∆Y are constant mesh size along X and Y directions as follows with a smaller time-step ∆τ = 0.0002.
Let U ′ , θ ′ and φ′ indicated the values of U, θ and ϕ at the end of a time-step respectively.Applying the explicit finite difference technique, the following appropriate set of finite difference equations are obtained from the dimensionless coupled partial differential Equations ( 13)-( 16) cos cos 1 3 The associated initial and boundary conditions with the finite difference tech-World Journal of Mechanics Here the subscripts i and j represent the mesh points with X and Y axes respectively and the superscripts p designates a value of time, τ = p∆τ where 0,1, 2,3, p =  .

Stability and Convergence Analysis
The analysis of this present problem will remain incomplete unless we study the stability of explicit finite difference method.The general term of the Fourier expansion for U, θ and ϕ at a time arbitrarily called τ = 0, is taken to be of the form e iαX e iβY , where 1 i = − .At a later time τ, these terms become and after the time step the terms of the Fourier expansion for U, θ and ϕ will be: Applying the Expressions ( 26) and (27) into Equations ( 22)-( 24), taking the coefficients U and V as constants over any one time step, we get the following equations upon simplification The Equations ( 28)-( 30) can be written in the following form where The Equations ( 31)-( 33) can be designated in matrix-vector form are as follows: Equation ( 42) is implied in where To obtain the stability criterion, it is sufficient to find out eigenvalues of the amplification matrix T* but this study is very difficult since all the elements of T* are different.So the time-step ∆τ is considered to be very small and tends to zero.Under this assumption we have A 2 → 0, A 3 → 0, A 4 → 0, A 6 → 0, A 7 → 0, and the amplification matrix takes the following form The eigenvalues of the amplification matrix T* are obtained as For stability test each of the eigenvalues must not exceed unity in modulus.Under this consideration, the stability conditions are as follows: Let we choose, ( ) Also the coefficients of ɑ 1 , b 1 and c 1 are all real and nonnegative.Now we con-sider that U is everywhere nonnegative and V is everywhere non-positive.We can demonstrate that the maximum modulus of A 1 , A 5 and A 8 occurs when π X m α∆ = and π Y n β∆ = , where m and n are integers.The Expressions (45) can occur when m and n both are odd integers.Thus the Expression (45) can be written into the followings form ( ) The most negative allowable values of A 1 , A 5 and A 8 are −1.Then the stability conditions for the present problem are as furnished, upon simplification of Equations (45)-(47) Since from the initial conditions 0 U V = = at 0 τ = , the Equations ( 49

Results and Discussion
In order to get into the physical understanding of the problem, non-dimensional velocity, temperature, concentration, skin friction, Nusselt number and Sherwood number are computed for various values of acceleration parameter (ɑ), inclination angle (α), Grashof number (G r ), Mass Grashof number (G m ), Magnetic parameter (M), electrical conductivity parameter (ε) Darcy number (D a ), Forchheimer number (F s ), Prandtl number (P r ), radiation parameter (R), Heat generation parameter (Q), radiation absorption parameter (Q 1 ), Dufour number (D u ), Eckert number (E c ), Schmidt number (S c ), Soret number (S r ), Chemical reaction parameter (K c ) and the order of chemical reaction (l).Grashof number governs the fluid flow, in the case of free convection flow.The significance of the Grashof number is that it designates the ratio between the buoyancy forces to the viscous forces.The value of Grashof number is assumed positive to represent the cooling of the plate.Prandtl number (P r ) is a measure of the relative significance of momentum and thermal boundary layers.Prandtl number (Pr) is approximately constant, for most gases over a wide range of temperature and World Journal of Mechanics pressure.The values of the Prandtl number P r are considered for air (P r = 0.71), the electrolytic solution (P r = 1.00), sulfur dioxide (P r = 4.24), water (P r = 7.00) and water at 4˚C (P r = 11.62).Furthermore, it can be used to measure the thermal conductivity of gases at high temperatures, where it is very difficult to measure experimentally due to the formation of convection currents.In heat transfer problems, the Prandtl number (P r ) has significant effect on the relative thickness of the momentum and thermal boundary layers.The heat diffuses more rapidly compared to the velocity, in the presence of low Prandtl number (P r ).The values of the Schmidt number are taken to designate the presence of species by water vapor (S c = 0.66), ammonia (S c = 0.78) and carbon dioxide (S c = 0.95).Physically, the Schmidt number relates to the relative thickness of the hydrodynamic boundary layer and mass transfer boundary layer.In order to obtain the accuracy of the numerical results, the following values of default parameter are chosen as: G r = 10, G m = 5, D a = 1, F s = 0.1, M = 1, ε = 0.50, P r = 0.71, R = 0.5, D u = 0.03, Q = 0.1, Q 1 = 1, E c = 0.01, S c = 0.66, S r = 1.6,K c = 0.5, τ = 0.4, a = 0.5, α = π/3 and l = 2.All graphs therefore correspond to these unless specifically indicated on the appropriate graph.The numerical solutions for the fluid velocity, temperature, concentration, skin-friction, Nusselt number and Sherwood number are presented graphically in Figures 2-24.As expected, it is noticed that there is a rise in the velocity owing to the increase           Here we saw that the Nusselt number decreases with the increasing values of radiation absorption parameter Q 1 .This result is similar with Vedavathi et al. [12], Prakash et al. [13] and Umamaheswar et al. [14].The effect of higher order chemical reaction l on concentration profile is delimitated in Figure 24.From the Figure 24, it is seen that the concentration increases with increase of the order of chemical reaction l.The similar result is shown by Alam and Ahammad [32].
The effect of electrical conductivity parameter ε on the improvement of streamlines and isotherms are presented in Figure 25 and Figure 26.Velocity

Conclusions
The study that we have carried out considered the effects of higher order chemical reaction, variable electrical conductivity on high-speed MHD past an exponential accelerated inclined plate.In our investigation, we have been analyzed stability criterion to make this experiment effortful.We have considered the chemical reaction as second order.Also, we have taken P r = 0.71 and S c = 0.66 in our computations.From the above investigation the following assumptions may be drawn: • Due to the increase of inclination angle φ velocity decreases.
• Velocity increases owing to the increase of acceleration parameter a.
• In the presence of high speed MHD the temperature profile increases.
• Electrical conductivity parameter ε leads to an increase in velocity and skin friction whereas temperature and Nusselt number decreases.
• An increase in the Prandtl number P r implies decrease in the velocity and temperature and increase in the Nusselt number.
• Owing to increase the radiation absorption parameter Q 1 velocity, temperature and Sherwood number increase but the temperature of the fluid decreases.
• The Schmidt number S c is inversely proportional to the concentration which leads to a decrease in the concentration profiles.
The concentration profile increases with the increasing values of order of chemical reaction l.

B
. M. Jewel Rana et al.DOI: 10.4236/wjm.2017.78019213 World Journal of Mechanics observed that as the flow velocity increases, the inertial effects start dominating the flow.In order to account for these high velocity inertial effects, he prescribed the inclusion of an inertial term representing the kinetic energy of the fluid to the Darcy equation.Apparently the most popular modification to Darcian flows is the Darcy Forchheimer model.Many scholars have modified Darcy's law such convection with the porous medium has various technological applications such as porous material regenerative heat exchangers, energy storage, oil extraction, cool combustors, granular insulation, electronic system cooling, fiber, and fluid flow through filtering devices.The coupled mass and heat transfer arise in the fluid owing to buoyancy forces generated by concentration difference and temperature difference.Coupled heat and mass transfer in porous media has momentous applications such as underground energy transport, enhanced oil recovery, cooling of nuclear reactors and geothermal reservoirs.MHD free convective, dissipative boundary layer flow past a porous vertical surface in the presence of thermal radiation, chemical reaction and constant suction have been investigated by Raju et al. [10] using a regular perturbation technique.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Physical model and coordinate system.

Figure 2
Figure 2 delineates the effect of angle of inclination φ on fluid flow.Velocity decreases with the increasing values of inclination angle because the magnitude of the buoyancy force decreases with an increase in the inclination angle.Pattnaik et al. [27] are computed the same result.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Velocity profile for various values of φ.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Velocity profile for various values of a.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Velocity profile for various values of G r , G m , D a and F s .

Figure 3
Figure 3 demonstrates the impact of acceleration parameter a on the velocity field.It is evident that the velocity increases near the plate and remains same far away from the plate with the increase of acceleration parameter a.The same result has already been deliberated by Pattnaik et al. [27].

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Velocity profile for various values of ε.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Temperature profile for various values of ε.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Skin friction for various values of ε.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Nusselt number for various values of ε.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. Velocity profile for various values of M.

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.Temperature profile for various values of M.

Figure 11 .
Figure 11.Skin friction for various values of M.

Figure 12 .Figure 13 .
Figure 12.Nusselt number for various values of M.

Figure 14 .Figure 15 .
Figure 14.Temperature profile for various values of P r .

Figure 16 .Figure 17 .
Figure 16.Temperature profile for various values of D u .

Figure 20 .
Figure 20.Concentration profile for various values of Q 1 .

Figure 21 .
Figure 21.Nusselt number for various values of Q 1 .

Figure 22 .
Figure 22.Sherwood number for various values of Q 1 .

Figure 23 .
Figure 23.Concentration profile for various values of S c , S r and K c .

Figure 24 .Figures 13 -
Figure 24.Concentration profile for various values of l.

Figure 23
Figure 23 shows the concentration profile for various values of Schmidt number S c , Soret number S r and chemical reaction parameter K c .Physically the

Figure 27 and
Figure 28 delimitate the significant effect of radiation absorption parameter Q 1 on streamlines and isotherms.
DOI: 10.4236/wjm.2017.78019219 World Journal of Mechanics parameters of technical attraction for the present problem are the local skin-friction, the local Nusselt number and the local Sherwood number, which elucidates physically the wall shear stress, the rate of heat transfer and the rate of mass transfer respectively.Furthermore it is important to note that the coefficient of skin friction, Nusselt number and Sherwood number can be obtained by B. M. Jewel Rana et al.DOI: 10.4236/wjm.2017.78019220 World Journal of Mechanics the analysis of velocity, temperature and concentration field.The dimensionless forms of skin-friction, Nusselt number and Sherwood number are as follows: B. M. Jewel Rana et al.