On the Structure of Electrons and Other Charged Leptons

A model of the electron is examined, allowing us to obtain its mass, spin and magnetic moment. The electron is represented as a sphere of classical radius (protoelektron) with zero rest mass, the rotating orbit radius of which is reduced value of the Compton wavelength of the electron. The ratio of the radius of the sphere to the radius of the orbit is equal to the fine structure constant. The sphere has a single charge distributed over its surface. Due mutual repulsion of parts of charge sphere acquires a mass equal to half of the rest mass of an electron, rotating mechanical mass protoelektron on orbit provides its characteristic electron spin 1/2 and kinetic energy, which creates 1/4 of the rest mass. Rotation of charge, similar to the ring current generates a magnetic moment equal to the Bohr magneton and magnetic energy, creating 1/4 of the rest mass of an electron. The total energy of the electron is the sum of its electrostatic, magnetic and kinetic energy. Accordingly, the total mass of the electron is the sum of the masses of electrostatic, magnetic and kinetic origin. The model is applicable to the muon and tau leptons. The correct ratio between the mass, spin and magnetic moment for them observed under the condition in the ratio of the radius of the charged sphere to the radius of the orbit equal to the fine structure constant. The model allows us to understand the physical nature of a number of problems: the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, Lorentz transformations and wave properties of the electron. The cause of the orbital rotation proto-particles is a magnetic field which creates self-acting rotation proto-particles around its own axis.

ner structure, particle.Its dimensions are supposed to be very small, less than 10 −17 m, the so-called material point.Such views entail a lot of problems.Insignificant size should correspond to the great mass, whereas the mass of the electron is measured with great accuracy and meets its classical radius.It is necessary to create a theory of mass renormalization.It is more difficult to explain its own torque-the spin of a material point and closely associated magnetic moment, and therefore it had to declare them "purely quantum properties", inaccessible to human consciousness.All of these issues remain unresolved for over a century.
Many studies have attempted to create a model of the electron, corresponding to one or more of these parameters.An overview of such research works is given in [1] [2] [3].
Assertion that it is impossible to imagine the properties of the electron unfairly limits the ability of the human mind.The presence of the final mass of the electron contradicts the idea of an electron as a material point.The presence of the spin and magnetic moment are evidence about rotating some charged masses.Uncertainty relation coordinate and momentum, the dimension and composition of the Planck constant, simple relations between this value and the properties of the electron probably led many researchers to attempt to build on this basis, different models of the structure of this particle.Any physicist, even using the most complicated of mathematics, consciously or subconsciously imagines model of the object or process, even if modelt was not fully satisfied with his.Many of the models are not able to explain all the properties of the electron, either because of the attachment to the compact structure, or because of the limited existing stereotypes, for example, point-electron size, inability to speed of light of a massive movement of the body which is impossible without radiation rotation, and so on.However, outlines in this article calculation show that it is the rejection of these restrictions that will result in success.This leads to the search for and the justification of the ways to circumvent these restrictions.
We used the values of the fundamental physical constants of the tables [4]:      All calculations were performed in the SI system.
Note that experimentally measured the electron Compton wavelength corresponds to the known formula [5] ce e h m c λ = (1) Which implies that the mysterious Planck constant can be represented by the product of three fundamental constants: It is also conceivable that ce λ there circumference whose radius is equal to In what follows we call this quantity the Compton radius of the electron: Expanded form of Planck's constant takes the following form: Constant Dirac has: Attitude classic radius of an electron to its Compton radius equal to the fine structure constant*: (We note in passing that the ratio of the Compton electron radius to the radius of the first Bohr orbit is also equal to the fine structure constant, otherwise known as the Sommerfeld constant).Note that the spin of an electron requires that some of the factors in the Planck constant were equal to half of the tabulated value Consequently, we can assume that a particle with a mass equal to half the mass of the electron spins at the speed of light in orbit of Compton radius.Study this model (see.Section 3) confirmed that so you can get not only spin, but also the magnetic moment of the electron, and further the remaining half of the mass.
Confirmation of the assumption of a particle is G. V. Nikolaev ".The same encounter in L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshits [10]: "… the expression for the energy of the system of charges": And finally, fully convinced detailed explanation R. Feynman et al. [11] that deserves to bring it in full: Imagine that we have a very simple model of the electron, when all his charge q is uniformly distributed over the surface of a sphere of radius a.
[…] Now we calculate the energy electromagnetic field.If the charge is stationary, then there is no magnetic field around there, and the energy per unit volume is proportional to the square of the electric field.The magnitude of the electric field is equal ε , so that the density per unit volume To obtain the total energy density of this need to integrate over the whole space.Using the volume element 2 4π d r r , we find the total energy, which we denote by Uel: This expression is very easy to integrate.Lower limit of integration is a, and the upper-infinity, so And further: The value of It called "classical electron radius" and is equal to 13 2.82 10 cm − × , see, that is one hundred-thousandth the diameter of an atom.[…] Instead of arguing which distribution is right and what is not, it was decided to take as the "nominal" value of radius r 0 .A different theory ascribe its coefficient.The electrostatic energy of a particle is inversely proportional to its radius.If the electron is represented as a material point energy value becomes infinitely large, and requires an artificial of mass renormalization.Thus, it would seem, there is enough reason to believe that the scope of the classical radius of the electron charge has a mass equal to half the mass of the electron and having an electrostatic origin.
However, in the above-cited statement Feynman talking about the energy field associated with the charge of an electron, but this value is related to the energy of the electron, it remains somewhat unclear.If we assume that the material basis is the scope of the classical electron radius and distributed on the surface of the elementary charge, the mass of the sphere is natural to associate with potential energy auto repulsion charge.More Henri Poincare concerned by the question, why the charge does not fly apart under the forces of repulsion.Therefore, the mysterious forces that ensure stability of the electron, known in physics as the "stresses of Poincaré".
To calculate the energy of Coulomb repulsion of the charge necessary to find the sum of the interactions of each section of the charged sphere with all the others.We assume that the field is filled matter of the physical vacuum with electric constant 0 ε .On a spherical surface we choose an infinitesimal portion of the point A (Figure 1) with the charge e ∆ .
This charge interacts with a charge ring infinitesimal width The distance between the charge at point A and any point of the ring-chord The interaction energy between the charge and the charge of the ring at point where the energy of interaction between the charge at point A and all the other charges is In order to avoid double counting of interactions in the calculation of the total energy of repulsion necessary amount of private charges set equal to half of the elementary charge protoelektrona: 2 e e ∆ = ∑ .Then the total energy of repul- As you can see, the internal potential energy of Coulomb repulsion of the charge is exactly equal to the energy of its external electric field.This has two important implications: 1) Equivalent to the mass of the charged spheres its internal energy, whereas the equivalent field energy is apparently weight field; 2) The energy field, which is calculated as the work of the delivery charge from infinity to the surface of a sphere, can be interpreted as the energy of the charge retention of scattering into infinity.Thus, the voltage Poincare this pressure on the electron from its own external electric field.One of the main objections to the proposed model, the electron is the inability of a particle having a mass move at the speed of light.But the motion of a massive particle with the speed of light is permissible if its rest mass is zero, is an example of a photon.Such particles getting energy from outside, simultaneously obtained the speed of light and mass.

On the Zero Rest Mass and Vacuum-Pairs
Here I will try to give their understanding of zero rest mass, as such, having in mind the rest mass of the photon and the rest mass of the leptons.Consider a pair of hypothetical particles with opposite signs unit charges.We assume that the particles are spherical radius e r and centers e nr spaced from each other (Figure 2).According to [11], the electrostatic energy of a sphere with a single charge and the sum of their electrostatic energy twice as much The internal energy of a charged sphere is the еlectrostatic energy mutual repulsion part of the charge.Recall that the repulsion energy of a positive and negative energy of attraction is.Real physical meaning of negative energy of attraction is manifested in the mass defect core elements.Consequently, when approaching oppositely charged particles, the energy of the Coulomb attraction will offset part of the internal energy and the mass of the system will decrease.According to Coulomb's law for each of these particles is the force of attraction antiparticles ( ) The energy of attraction equal to if the particles are in contact.
When the distance between the centers of gravity of less than 2r energy should be calculated by integration.
We calculate the energy of attraction infinitesimal charges distributed on each of the sphere with surface density 2 .4π e e r ρ =  The energy of attraction spheres: Calculations using this integral showed that full payment of the internal energy of the charged sphere with sufficient accuracy is achieved when the distance between the centers of the spheres

The Structure and Properties of the Electron
Suppose that such a particle with a mass equal to half of the known mass of the electron, exist.We call it conditionally protoelektron.Assume also that the particle rotates at the speed of light in an orbit having the Compton radius.Moment of its rotation is equal to the characteristic fermion spin of the electron: This gives us reason to believe the electron is not a unitary particle, but the system consisting of protoelektron that rotates at the speed of light in the orbit of the Compton radius.Rotational speed, or, more simply, the number of revolutions per second is equal to the quotient of the linear velocity by the circumference: The period of revolution T is equal to: The magnetic moment of the electron µ : The resulting magnetic moment is numerically equal to the Bohr magneton, having the known theoretical formula [5].This formula (SI) can easily be obtained, considering that .2π The magnetic energy of one ring, i.e. electron: Here we have implicitly assumed accessory of all magnetic energy ring with current excluding magnetic scattering of energy in space related to the ratio between the height and the area of the ring.Thus, the formula of inductance and magnetic energy of the electron take the form In this form, they will be used hereinafter.
Magnetic energy is considered the kinetic energy of motion of the charge.But there is the kinetic energy of rotation of the actual mass protoelektron.It accounts there are only 25% the total energy of the electron.Indeed, it turns out to be The total energy of the electron is equal to the sum of Coulomb, the magnetic and kinetic energies:

Checking
This hypothesis, like any other, needs to be tested.The hypothesis is of particular value if it describes or explains a class of phenomena or objects and has a predictive capacity.In this case, we can say lucky-screening tests are not required.
There are particles belonging to the same class of leptons as the electron (positron).
It is muon and tau lepton with corresponding antiparticles.Their properties are studied.Therefore, we try to verify the applicability of the proposed model to them, and on its basis to calculate any properties in other known.

Muon
So, consider the muon.This is an unstable particle with a lifetime of about .By analogy with the above models of electrons imagine a muon as protomuon with a mass equal to half the mass of the muon.
Protomuon rotates at the speed of light in an orbit having a radius Compton.
According to this model muon spin really is The expected radius protomuon The ratio of the radius protomuon to Compton radius of the muon, i.e. the radius of its orbit, as expected, is equal to  The magnetic energy of the muon, indeed, is ¼ of its total energy: where the magnetic mass of the muon: The kinetic energy of the muon and the associated mass are also equal, respectively, 1/4 of the total energy and the mass of the muon:

Tau Lepton
The heaviest of the charged leptons, tau lepton [13] [14] has, according to the  As you can see, the tau lepton is completely analogous to the structure and properties of the electron and muon.

On Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle
Werner Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle is, along with the Schrödinger wave equation, one of the foundations of quantum mechanics.It is called the principle because, just as the law describes the establishment of relations, but, unlike the law, the physical nature of these relations remains undisclosed.Here I will try at least to slightly open the physical meaning of the principle on the basis of the above suggested model of the electron.The Heisenberg uncertainty principle is written as: i.e. the product of the position and momentum of a particle cannot be less than half of the reduced Planck constant.Consider an electron at rest as a boundary case."Resting" electron in this hypothesis should be understood both at rest the center of the orbit on which revolves protoelektron relative to the observer.If you take as the origin center of the orbit, the coordinates of protoelektron be considered the radius of the orbit ce R .Linear speed protoelektrona as particles with zero rest mass is equal to the speed of light, the mass is half the mass of the electron.Momentum is protoelektrona The limit case is the union of the formulas ( : Thus, by virtue of the uncertainty principle rotating at the speed of light protoelektron cannot be on a distance less than the Compton radius from the center of the orbit.As you can see, on the one hand the structure of the electron explains the origin of the uncertainty principle and the spin, the other spin and the uncertainty principle completely describe the structure of the electron.Similar expressions exist for the muon and tau lepton:

The Wave Properties of a Moving Electron
Since in this model electron "at rest" corresponds to the orbital rotation protoelektron, thus in forward motion of an electron protoelektron will perform more complex periodic motion.The translational motion of an electron is caused, as a rule, by an external electric field.In this regard, it can be excluded from consideration rotation about an axis normal to the direction of movement, since the trajectory protoelektron then will have the form of a cycloid, comprising plots directed against the external fields.Thus, during the forward movement of the orbit center protoelektron moves in a spiral-screw line, the helicity of which coincides with the direction of movement (Figure 3).
Thus, naturally, a problem arises: how to combine orbital rotation, has the speed of light, with translational motion having any speed not exceeding the speed of light?The only way to solve this problem appears to decrease radius of rotation with increasing of forward speed.Changing this geometric parameters due to physical causes, and especially the growth of the total energy and the total mass of the electron due to forward speed.In modern physics [15], all less used notion of relativistic mass and becoming more popular concept of the invariant mass of rest at the expense of variability abstract time.However, we have seen that the mass is equivalent to the algebraic sum of the energies.The behavior of a moving electron again testifies to the primacy of the properties of matter.
Protoelektron acquiring translational movement, cannot increase their speed, so increasing its mass, resulting in the multiplication of the rest mass protoelektrona on the Lorentz:   many times decreases the radius of rotation.Figure 4 illustrates a method of calculating the length of the screw line [16].
Side BC angled triangle is equal to the circumference of the cylinder, in this case, where ce R -the radius of Compton, ce λ -Compton wavelength of the electron.If a paper triangle ABC is wound on the cylinder then side AB forms a helix.However, since the rate of protoelektron remains equal speed of light, the path length for one revolution at any forward speed remains equal to the Compton wavelength.According to the theorem of Pythagoras, Consequently, in view of (6.4), a step helix cos .
The frequency of the electron in the electric field is constant and independent of forward speed: . Consider what is the de Broglie wavelength [17].The relativistic momentum formula is:   Note that a decrease of the electron rate de Broglie wavelength approaches infinity, while increasing to zero, which corresponds to photons emitted when stopping electrons in the target.Check this prediction using a magnet [17] must be repeated with approaching of the magnet no to the target and the screen.

The Mechanism of Rotation of Leptons
Naturally, the question arises, what is the reason for the rotation of protoelektron in the spin orbit?The first candidate is the intrinsic magnetic field.From the equality of the classical centripetal force The flow through the orbit of the spin turned out to be well-known magnetic flux quantum [20]: Formula of magnetic flux quantum can be expressed in other ways: The magnetic flux equal to the product of the magnetic induction in the area, from whence the magnetic induction Magnetic induction twice as much required to rotate protoelektron.This suggests that the kinetic and magnetic energy is localized on protoelektron, increasing its mass.This is confirmed, so how the magnetic induction and the Bohr magneton product is equal half the energy of the electron: As such the physical meaning of this formula is unclear.However note that fractional expression on the left-a current produced by the rotation of the elementary charge the speed of light in the orbit of classical radius, the current of giant force localized in vanishingly small space: This current can be interpreted in different ways, such as rotation of a point charge or charged ring.In this hypothesis is regarded a sphere of classical radius.
We check whether you can get such current by rotation of the charged sphere.
Assume that the speed of light rotate only points on the equator of the sphere.
Then the angular frequency is 2π e с r ϖ = . The surface charge density is The final This equation shows that the magnetic induction in the center of the orbit of spin equal the induction of a uniform magnetic field outside the sphere protoelektron.For the appearance of the required Lorentz force should be rotation axis of protoelektron parallel to of spin and the direction of own rotation must be opposite to spin.
What is the cause protoelektrona rotation around its own axis?For a own rotation of the charge requires a uniform magnetic field of induction Thus, we have a fully self-acting system: protoelektrona own rotation is due to his own field, and provides orbital rotation.This passes through the body protoelektron magnetic flux in 137.036 times less is known quantum flux: At the same time the magnetic induction on the axis protoelektrona to 137.036 times higher induction in the center of the orbit of spin.Here we are faced with a new phenomenon microcosm: own rotation protoelektrona provides rotation of the orbit of spin, so there are magnetic and kinetic electron mass, spin and magnetic moment.However, it makes no contribution to these values.
For short-lived charged leptons regularities is by, similar to the above for elektron.For the muon using (4.1.7)and (4.1.8),we obtain Under Section 6, the electron in the absence of a magnetic field is also moving along a helical path through the spin.Pitch is determined from (6.6).Hence, the same step of the screw must be obtained from (7.27) due to the precession angle θ of the intrinsic magnetic field of the electron.
speed of light in vacuum; equivalent of the mass of the electron; [9]: "In the modern electrodynamics has not yet been resolved contradiction with the nature of the rest mass m 0 and the electron charge e.If the total energy of the electron W 0 corresponds to the rest mass of the electron

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Scheme for calculating the self-repulsion energy of an electron.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Scheme for calculating the interaction energy of a vacuum pair.

Figure 2
Figure 2 shows an arbitrary section of the right and left spheres.The angles between the line connecting the centers of the spheres and the radius vectors from the center of the right and left spheres are designated respectively , α γ , rotation angles of the radii of the right and left sections , β δ .Each of the sec- tions are cut from a spherical surface strip width d , d e e r r α γ , consisting of por- Photons are able to spread in vacuo at a maximum speed along geodetic lines.Electron and positron is capable of orbital rotation of the speed of light, although the question of the radiation remains open.
With this understanding of the frequency of an electron becomes an identity known formula: as has been said above, is one-half of the total energy of the electron is determined by the formula potential energy auto repulsion parts charge distributed on the sphere of classical electron radius.Mass of the protoelektrona of get in this model, other well-known properties of the electron.The magnetic moment is by definition equal to the product of the current by the area covered the current circuit[12].Rotating the charge at the speed of light in an orbit is equivalent to ring current: is not considered here.Try to find out the origin of the second half of the mass of the electron.Some part of the electron mass is due to the magnetic energy orbits charge equivalent to the ring current.Do the following thought experiment: imagine a stack of 1015   such rings, which is equivalent to the solenoid A. Solenoid is long enough to hold the demagnetization coefficient equal to 1.The inductance of the coil[5] L is equal to: Coulomb mass is half of the mass of the electron, and magnetic and kinetic masses are of 1/4 the mass of the electron.The positron, which has a positive charge, is similar to the electron in all other respects.
an electron, an electron antineutrino and muon neutrino.Muon charge equal to the charge of the electron, spin is 1 2  , antimuon is antiparticle with positive charge, which decays into an positron, electron neutrino and muon antineutrinos.According to [4], rest mass of the muon within 8 decimal places coincide with the value calculated according to the accepted formula: back it can also be obtained muon magneton.The calculated value is almost identical to the expected: structure of the muon fully explained by the hypothesis proposed for the electron.
into an electron and an electron antineutrino with a tau neutrino (17.84%), muon, muon antineutrino and a tau neutrino (17.36%), as well as pi-and K-mesons (over 50%).Charge tau lepton −1, spin 1/2.Assuming a structure the tau lepton similar to electron and muon, do the calculations similar to the above.

Figure 3
Figure3that the radical expression is not hyperbolic sine in a pseudo-Minkowski space and the trigonometric sine of the angle θ in real Euclidean space.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Ratio of rotational speed and translational motion of a potoelectron.
leads to a reduction in the rotation radius protoelektrona and to increase the step helix.The trajectory translational motion of protoelektron looks stretched spring whose modulus of deformation under tension tends to infinity.Moving electron physically embodies Einstein invariant interval: real part of the complex number describes the pathway the center of the orbit, and the imaginary part, the length of the helical path of protoelektron.
mind, the de Broglie wavelength is of an electron can be expressed through the Compton wavelength:

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. To calculate the wavelength of a divalent electron.
[19] formula relating the magnetic induction B with the radius of rotation r of the charged particle in a uniform magnetic field: of inductance (40) and current (33), we find the magnetic flux through the area bounded of the orbit of the spin: Whence appears such an induction?It turns the same value may be obtained from the formulae that current creates on the axis of a sphere induction just such: the origin of the fine structure constant and its geometrical expression-the relation between classical and Compton radius.
that the movement of electrons in a magnetic field takes place along a helix whose step of the screw 2π