Experimental Study of Clarification of Vortex Structure by Changing Disk Acceleration Time

Disks with two different dimensions were used to clarify the differences in final vortex structures generated by the change in disk acceleration time. The experiment results and calculated results of vortex structures match when the disk thickness is 20 mm and the Reynolds number is 5000 15000. Also, they match when the disk thickness is 30 mm with a Reynolds number from 3000 5000 and 9000 20000. Even when the size of the disk and the Reynolds number are the same, the final vortex structures can be different due to differences in the disk acceleration time.


Introduction
The flow brought about by a rotating object within a container is often seen in fluid machines which provide/get energy to fluids via the rotation of vaned wheels such as centrifugal pumps and turbines.Many related studies have been conducted by Bödewadt et al. [1].If the gap between both disks is large, the flow has a separate boundary layer, as studied by Batchelor [2].However, in many studies thus far, rotating disks have simply been used as something to provide peripheral velocity and the shape has not been taken into consideration much.However, it is known that the radial gap has a significant impact on the flow between the rotating disk and fixed disk on the base of the container [3].The impact of this gap in the radial direction on the flow between the base of the container and the rotating disk is called as the edge effect [4].
Rotating flows can be found in fluid machinery and chemical reactors and they are examined to improve their performance [5].When the flow around a rotating disk in a cylindrical casing represents a model of the flow in hard disk drives and stirrers, the radial clearance between the disk tip and the side wall of the casing is inevitable.Schouveiler et al. [6] implied that the radial clearance bores new spiral flows.Al-Shannag et al. [7] numerically examined the flow around corotating two disks connected by a central hub and showed the effect of the velocity fluctuation in the radial clearance on the interdisk flow.Hendriks [8] predicted a more realistic flow in a hard disk drive.He obtained Taylor vortices formed between the rotating disk and the side wall of the casing and found the jet-like radially outward flow on a rotating disk.
In research conducted thus far, rotating disks of different shapes are used to change the gap within cylindrical containers and experiments have been conducted in respect of the impact that the gap in the radial direction has on the disk rotor in the container and, as a result, from the difference in disk dimensions, fluid movement phases that changes with each disk have been confirmed.
Hence, in this study, experiments have been conducted to clarify the edge effect using disks with different dimensions by focusing on the edge effect.The transition scenario for the complex flow and the geometric effect changing the acceleration time has not been well clarified.The purpose of this study is to clarify the vortex structure by changing disk acceleration time. is the flow between the fixed disk and the rotating disk, is such that the space in the container with rotating disk is symmetrical, the disk joining part has the same diameter as the rotating axis of 20.0 mm.The material of the disk is duralumin and the whole thing is coated with matte black.The dimensions of the rotating disk fixed in the container are as follows.Disk: Radius r = 127.0mm, thickness hd = 30.0mm.

Surroundings of Experimental Device
The experiment devices used were an acrylic casing (Sanwa Kiki manufacturing) Xenon slit light source (500W, KS2000-30, Katou Mitsuken), an inverter (Mitsubishi Electrics), a control box (Sanwa Kiki manufacturing), a digital tachometer (Mitsubishi Electrics), and the main part of the experimental device, which was attached to them.Filming utilized a digital video camera (SONY HDR-CX560V) which has an effective pixel count of 6,140,000 (16:9) and, in this research, the filming was done with an average bit rate of 28 Mbps with a resolution 1920 × 1080 pixels and framerate of 60 fps.The recorded image can be digitally processed via a computer.A slit light source was placed right next to the cylindrical container so that the irradiation position would be horizontal and the experiment device was placed in a dark room to avoid light from the outside.Moreover, to achieve the desired number of rotations, the motor rotation was controlled with an inverter and the setting of the disk acceleration time was conducted with a MELSOFT series GX Works II (Mitsubishi Electrics) and the number of rotations of the axis was confirmed using a digital tachometer.
The test fluid uses Newton liquid in which distilled water and glycerin are mixed together well at specified mass ratios.This research used the ratio 3:2 of water to glycerin in the test fluid.To obtain the kinetic viscosity ν, a specific gravity meter (Nihon Keiryoki Kogyo K. K) was used.Moreover, viscosity μ was measured used an SV type viscosity meter (SV-10 KK A & D).
The three-dimensional flow inside the container is visualized on a two-dimensional plane using aluminum powder.The visualization using aluminum powder is done by mixing aluminum powder, which has been put into a sieve with a lattice width of 20 μm, with the test fluid.The amount of aluminum powder mixed in is 0.1 g for 2.5 l of test fluid.Moreover, to prevent aluminum powder from floating due to surface tension of the test fluid at this point, 1 -2 droplets of household neutral detergent are mixed in.

Structure of Vortex Appearing in the Gap in the Radial Direction
The Reynolds number

Change in Acceleration Time
In past experiments, it was impossible to set the Reynolds number within a stipulated time.In this experiment, the disk acceleration time was changed using a control box and MELSOFT series GX Works II (Mitsubishi Electrics).
An example of the change in the disk acceleration time is shown in Figure 2.
Between t = 0 s to t = 5 s, if angular velocity corresponding to a Reynolds number of Re = 2000 is set to be reached in t = 5 s, the Reynolds number can be increased at a fixed angular acceleration.Moreover, in a similar way, the angular velocity is increased from t = 10 s to t = 15 s and between t = 25 s and t = 30 s.In this class, the change in the angular acceleration occurs only once from t = 0 s to t = 1 s or t = 0 s to t = 30 s.

Parameters
Moreover, in the actual experiment, to obtain the desired Reynolds number Re, the required rotational velocity was derived from viscosity and specific gravity.
The final rotational velocity of the disk is set in respect of this derived result.
The viscosity of the test fluid is taken to be μ(mPa•s), specific gravity s and the number of disk rotations, N(rpm).The representative velocity is taken to be V(m/s), representative length r(m), and kinetic viscosity, ν(m 2 /s).
The required number of rotations was derived from the following equation.

Numerical Results
The numerically calculated values for vortex structure when the disk acceleration time is 1 s are compared against the experimental results.Below, Figure 3 Figure 3. Numerical calculation results.
shows the numerically calculated results.This figure plots the Reynolds number on the vertical axis and the thickness of the disk on the horizontal axis.t s represents the disk acceleration time and h the thickness of the disk.Furthermore, the polygonal vortex, ring vortex, and negatively progressing spiral vortex are abbreviated as P, R, and S-, respectively.

Structure of Vortex Appearing in the Gap in a Radial Direction
The structure of the vortex appearing in the radial gaps is shown below.

Experimental Results When the Disk Acceleration Times Are Different
The vortex structures that appeared when the disk thickness was 20.0 mm and 30.0 mm with a disk acceleration time of 1 s and 30 s are shown in Table 1.
Different results were shown in the table when the disk thickness was 30 mm when the Reynolds number was 7000 -10000.Furthermore, vortex structures which could not be clearly determined visually or as a polygon, ring, negatively progressing spiral-as p, r, s-were marked as undeterminable.

Vortex Structure
The vortex structure was filmed across the r-θ cross-section.Part of the still images is shown from Figures 6-8.
Figure 6 shows that the final vortex structure seen when the disk thickness is 20.0 mm, the Reynolds number is 10,000, and the disk acceleration time is  polygonal vortex.Similarly, Figure 7 shows that the final vortex structure seen when the disk thickness is 30.0 mm, the Reynolds number is 15,000, and the disk acceleration time is 30 s is a negatively progressing spiral vortex.Figure 8 shows that the final vortex structure seen when the disk thickness is 30.0 mm, the Reynolds number is 10,000, and the disk acceleration time is 30 s is a ring vortex.

Comparison of Reynolds Number
Results comparing the final vortex structures obtained by experiment and by numerical calculation results discretized using the difference method with the three-dimensional unsteady compressible Navier-Stokes equation are shown in Table 2.There was a comparison with the situation when the disk acceleration time is 1 s for all experiment conditions conducted on this occasion.
From the table, it can be said that the numerically calculated results and experiment results match when the disk thickness is 20 mm with a Reynolds number of 5000 -1500 and when the disk thickness is 30 mm with a Reynolds number of 9000 -20000.

Conclusions
Disks with two different dimensions were used to clarify the differences in final vortex structures generated by the change in disk acceleration time and the following results were obtained based on visualization experiments and analysis results.
1) The experiment results and calculated results of vortex structures match when the disk thickness is 20 mm and the Reynolds number is 5000 -15000.Also, they match when the disk thickness is 30 mm with a Reynolds number from 2) Even when the size of the disk and the Reynolds number are the same, the final vortex structures can be different due to differences in the disk acceleration time.

Figure 1 Figure 1 .
Figure 1 shows the main component of the experiment device.The cylindrical container containing the test fluid is constructed of two fixed disks at the top and the bottom and a cylindrical frame with an internal diameter of 142.0 mm and a thickness of 40.0 mm.The fixed disk and the cylindrical frame are both made of acrylic resin materials.The rotating disks are attached to the rotating axes and the axis diameter is 20.0 mm.So that the flow between the disks, which

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Example of programme of acceleration time.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Results of numerical calculation for the final structure of the vortex.
Thenafter achieving the rotation velocity target, then the final vortex structure is visually confirmed after one minute 30 seconds.On this occasion, two types of disks −20 mm and 30 mm-are used.Moreover, disk acceleration times are 1 s and 30 s with a Reynolds number from 3000 -20000 at 1000 intervals.It is thought that there are 4 types of vortex structures appearing in the gaps between the axes.The four types are polygonal, ring, positive progressing spiral, and negative progressing spiral.
rotations N.All rotating disks rotate counterclockwise.Rotating speed of the disk corresponding to the target Reynolds number is achieved from the initial stationary state by setting a disk accelerating time and matching that time.

Table 1 .
Comparison of experimental result when the disk acceleration time is 1 s with when 30 s.

Table 2 .
Comparison of experimental result with calculated result.