The Application of Deep Learning in Airport Visibility Forecast

This paper uses Urumqi International Airport’s hourly observation from 2007 to 2016 and builds regression prediction model for airport visibility with deep learning method. From the results we can see: the absolute error of hourly visibility is 706 m. When the visibility ≤ 1000 m, the absolute error is 325 m, and this method can predict visibility’s trend. So we can use this method to provide the airport visibility’s objective forecast guidance products for aviation meteorological services in the future. In this paper, the Urumqi area is as the research object, to explore the depth of learning in the field of weather forecasting applications, providing a new visibility return forecast for weather forecast personnel so as to improve the visibility of the level of visibility to ensure the safe and stable operation of the airport.


Introduction
With the rapid development of the national economy and the increasing popularity of civil aviation transport, airport operation on the visibility is becoming increasingly prominent.A long, low-visibility weather caused by fog, haze and other weather can cause a wide range of airport delays and cancellations.This not only has brought huge losses for the airlines and the airport, but also affects the public travel.At the same time visibility and flight safety are closely related.
Low visibility is also one of the most common causes of flight accidents.Urumqi International Airport is the hub of the Xinjiang region airport.It is responsible for the Xinjiang region and Central Asia flight operations.The existing climate data show that Urumqi airport visibility was below 1000 m the average number L. Zhu et al. of days for 60 days [1] [2].Most of the low visibility days occurred in the winter half (November to March), up to 57 days.The weather phenomenon that causes low visibility is mainly fog and smoke.
Improving the level of visibility is an important measure to ensure the safe and stable operation of the airport.At present, the low visibility forecast for the smoke, fog and other weather, is still based on empirical forecasts and statistical forecasts.Although with the development of numerical forecasting, there are also numerical and fog model predictions and many experiments have shown that the fog model has only a certain degree of analytical use and is difficult to predict.Therefore, the study of atmospheric visibility is still a difficult and hot spot in meteorological forecast in recent years [3]- [11].

Deep Learning
Deep Learning (DNNs) is also known as deep neural network (DNNs), which is the sub-field of machine learning.Its concept originated in the Artificial Neural Network (ANN).In essence, it refers to a class of neural networks with deep structure of the effective training methods.It uses a multi-layer representation to model the complex relationships between the data [12] [13] [14].Deep Learning can be used in sorting, regression and information retrieval and other specific issues.

Data Preprocessing
This article uses the Urumqi Airport from 2007 to October 2016 to March the following year 24 hours a day observation data.Contains hourly dominant visibility, temperature, dew point temperature, relative humidity, average wind direction and average wind speed.By sorting and controlling data quality, 43,752 data records were received.Since each factor is composed of different meteorological elements, in order to avoid the difference in magnitude between the various factors, it needs to be normalized before the input factor as the depth neural network, so that its value is limited to [0, 1].See Equation (1) for the specific algorithm.

Prediction of Forecasting Factors
For the time series regression prediction, the simplest way is to build a nonlinear function based on historical data.Combined with the prediction of dominant visibility, we construct two types of factors: the first type of forecasting factor contains only the dominant visibility (Vis) in the past.See Equation (2) for details.
Because the dominant visibility is related to the factors such as wind, temperature and relative humidity, the second type of forecasting factor not only includes the dominant visibility in the past, but also the temperature (T), dew point temperature (TD), relative humidity (RH), wind direction (WD) and wind speed (WS).See Equation (3) for details.
( ) where the dominant visibility is Vis t for the current dominant visibility.In order to verify the effect of the different length of time on the dominant visibility, here are a number of ns for modeling operations which is used to evaluate the difference in the prediction effect of the model under different time length samples.

Predictive Effect Test
This paper constructs the forecasting object for Urumqi airport hourly dominant visibility, which contains a total of nearly 45,000 records.Through the analysis of the forecast object, you can see the Urumqi airport visibility changes in the range of 0 to 10,000 meters.26.9% of the dominant visibility is 10,000 meters.
While the impact of the operation of the civil aviation airport to dominate the visibility of less than 1000 meters accounted for 12.3% of the record.Specific distribution is shown in Figure 1.By using the MLP model to predict the dominant visibility, an hourly dominant visibility prediction result is obtained.Here we examine the predictive effect of this method from two different types of forecasting factors.

A Model with Dominant Visibility as a Predictor
This The results of the predictive results shown in Figure 2 show that the average   the average absolute error between the training sample and the test sample is small.Which used the past 1, 3 hours two kinds of factors to predict the effect is better.As the length of time in the predictor increasing, the mean absolute error of dominant visibility increases.In addition, as the size of the predicted object increasing, the average absolute error of the dominant visibility in the [4000, 5000] interval is significantly greater than the average absolute error in the range [0, 1000], to about 1200 m.

A Multi-Meteorological Element Used as a Model of Forecasting Factors
This paper attempts to extend the forecasting factor to the dominant visibility, temperature, dew point temperature, wind direction, and wind direction of the past, due to the fact that there are many reasons for the occurrence of low visibility weather and visibility and temperature, relative humidity and other factors.
The model is used to predict the dominant visibility.Through the analysis of the forecast results can be found, using the multi-factor predictor model, the average absolute error in models of different time lengths is predicted from 799 m to 827

Suggestion of Practical Predictive Effect
Based on the model predictive effect constructed by the two kinds of forecasting factors discussed in this paper, the forecasting model of single factor construction is better for the prediction with less than 1000 m visibility.The forecasting model of multi-factor construction is more stable than the forecasting effect of more than 2000 m.So here at the same time use these two models.And taking into account the continuity of the change in visibility, we choose the model using the forecast factor of the past 12 h to make the actual forecast.
Here we select Urumqi Airport December 31, 2016 visibility to predict.The day the airport visibility changes greatly, before 11 hours to maintain more than 1000 m, then quickly decreased to maintain two hours of 100 m, then 16:00 suddenly improved to 2000 m, and then down to maintain at 100 m, see Figure 4.The low visibility process includes persistent low visibility, and a sudden improvement in visibility.This has a high test of the ability of the model to predict.
It can be seen from the model predictions that both models can predict the trend of decreasing the visibility and the turn of the day.When the real visibility is greater than 1500 m, the prediction error of the multi-factor model is relatively small.When the dominant visibility is less than 1000 m, the prediction effect of the single factor is relatively better, especially when the long-term continuous visibility is less than 300 m, the average absolute error of the visibility of the single factor is 86 m.Therefore, by using the two types of forecasting models, it is possible to provide a quantitative reference for the forecasting staff to predict the visibility.However, it can be seen from the simulation of the actual case that the depth learning model has a certain hysteresis when the dominant visibility is good or worse, and the error increases obviously when the visibility is greater than 1500 m.

Conclusions
Due to the high incidence of low visibility weather, the impact of the system is more complex.Especially the forecasts of low visibility of the starting and ending time are more difficult.So how to as much as possible predict low visibility Where the minimum absolute error of less than 1000 m, it is as low as 325 m.At the same time, we can see that the prediction results of multi-factor factor prediction model are stable.Next, we will try to put this model into the actual business and conduct continuous testing to improve the quantitative forecasting capability of this method in leading visibility.
Although the method has better prediction effect, in the detailed analysis of its forecast results also found some shortcomings, such as predictive visibility turn or turn bad times have a certain lag.The results show that the average absolute error is greater than 2000 m above the dominant visibility, and the prediction effect is less than 1000 m.Then, we will cooperate with low weather conditions, and try to combine the ability to reflect low-level stratification conditions, high-altitude wind field and ground pressure field and other factors as a forecast factor to ensure that the forecasting factor can better contain the low visibility weather conditions to improve the prediction effect of the model.
type of model contains only the dominant visibility of the past, without adding other meteorological elements.Constructing a predictive model that dominates the dominant time at historical time is based on the dominant visibility at the current time.The prediction model was established by using the dominant visibility of the past 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108, 120 hours.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Urumqi airport visibility distribution from November to next March.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. The results using the dominant visibility of different time lengths.
m.The average absolute error of the different models is about 10 m.The model used in the past 24-hour multi-factor forecasting factor is best.Its absolute error is 798.87 m.See Figure 3 for details.In order to fully test the different factors of the model to dominate the visibility, the following statistics the dominant visibility within 5000 m to predict the average absolute error.The ability of the model to predict the dominant visibility of different orders of magnitude.The model has the best predictive effect on the dominant visibility within 1000 m.Its average absolute error is between 450 m and 550 m.Which used the past 72,120 hour factor to build the model to predict the effect is better.With the increase of the dominant visibility level, the error of the model prediction is gradually increased to about 1100 m.The detailed data statistics table is omitted here.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3.The effect using the dominant visibility of multiple factors for different time lengths.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4.The effect of different models on the forecast of dominant visibility on December 31, 2016.

Table 1 .
This article takes hourly dominant visibility of Urumqi Airport as the forecast object.Using observations from October to March of the following ten years.The number of two types of forecasting factors at different times.
According to the selection of forecast factors, two kinds of 28 sample sequences were established.See Table 1 for details.In each of the sample sequences, 80% of the 43,752 historical data were randomly selected as training samples for the prediction model training and the predictive effect test.The rest are test samples.In Table 1, Vis is visibility, T is temperature, TD is Temperature difference, RH is Relative humidity, WD is Wind Direction, WS is Wind speed.According to the 28 sample sequences which were established the above two types of factor selection methods, the MLP model (Multilayer Perceptron Model) in Keras was used to model the operation.And using test samples to test it.Finally 28 different models of dominant visibility prediction were obtained.The prediction effect of the model is discussed in detail below.

Table 2 .
Average absolute error (in m) for visibility below 5000 m.