Theories on the Relationship between Price Process and Stochastic Volatility Matrix with Compensated Poisson Jump Using Fourier Transforms Perpetual

Investors find it difficult to determine the movement of prices of stock due to volatility. Empirical evidence has shown that volatility is stochastic which contradicts the Black-Scholes framework of assuming it to be constant. In this paper, stochastic volatility is estimated theoretically in a model-free way without assuming its functional form. We show proof of an identity establishing an exact expression for the volatility in terms of the price process. This theoretical presentation for estimating stochastic volatility with the presence of a compensated Poisson jump is achieved by using Fourier Transform with Bohr’s convolution and quadratic variation. Our method establishes the addition of a compensated Poisson jump to a stochastic differential equation using Fourier Transforms around a small time window from the observation of a single market evolution.


Introduction
Volatility measures uncertainty of returns which plays a major role in cash flows from selling assets at a precise future date.It is very essential in financial markets due to price fluctuations, prediction of stock prices, option pricing, portfolio management and hedging.Decision and policy makers depend on volatility to determine the bullish and bearish nature of the market to avoid loss.The varying nature of volatility makes it difficult to predict stock prices.The Black-Scholes framework assumes constant volatility but empirical evidence has proved otherwise leading researchers to explore more into modeling volatility of an asset.It is important to note that the original Black-Scholes framework did not include jumps into price processes.It is then of interest to explore to what extend the inclusion of jumps affects the dynamics of stock price volatility.
Volatility can be estimated through parametric and nonparametric methods.
When using the parametric methods, it is modeled using its functional form of observed variables in the market.These include discrete-time volatility models such as Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity(ARCH) models, where volatility relies on the past returns and other variables that are directly observed only [1].Also, the implied volatilities are based on parametric models.Computation of the historical volatility without assuming its functional form is done by nonparametric methods.The expost variation in the frequency domain of equity prices was analyzed by Wang [2].He proposed a realized periodogram based estimator based on Fourier transform which estimated the quadratic variation consistently using the price process which was log equilibrium.For contaminated prices caused by the micro-structure noise from the market data, the estimator filtered out the high frequency periodograms which converted the high frequency data to a low frequency periodograms.Its application was done to electric prices transaction that was general through simulation.The proposed estimator was said to be insensitive to sample frequency choices.
Malliavin and Mancino [3] presented the computation of a time series volatility using Fourier series analysis method from observations of a semimartingale data.The method was nonparametric and model free.The Fourier coefficient of the volatility was estimated based on integration of the time series.
They stated that the method was well suitable for financial market and specifically for analysis of time series data which are of high frequency and cross volatilities computations.Kanatani [4] derived a linear interpolation bias of realized volatility.He used Fourier series estimator proposed by Malliavin and Mancino [3] to avoid the biasness.He examined the theoretical relationship between realized volatility and Fourier estimator and showed that the Fourier estimator was most efficient than the realized volatility.He also proposed that, linear interpolation should not be used as the preparation for realized volatility calculations.Hoshikawa et al. [5] compared alternative estimators theoretically and empirically for the performance of the classical quadratic variation method by Hayashi and Yoshida [6] and Fourier series estimator by Malliavin and Mancino [3] in the presence of high frequency data.They found out that, the Hayashi and Yoshida [6] estimator performed the best among the alternatives in view of the bias and the Mean Square Error for integrated multivariate volatility since the biasness of Hayashi and Yoshida [6] was mostly due to the biasness of the drift.
The other estimators were shown to have possibly heavy bias mostly toward the origin.They also applied these estimators to Japanese Government Bond futures to obtain the results which was consistent with their simulation.Mancino and Sanfelici [7] studied the Fourier estimator of an integrated volatility in the presence of micro-structure noise.They presented the properties of finite sample of the Fourier estimator and derived an analytic expression for the contaminated estimator in terms of biasness and Mean Square Error.They also revealed that, the estimate could be used experimentally to design an optimal Mean Square Error-based estimator, which was efficient and robust with noise.Their conclusion was that, the Fourier estimator was relatively unbiased and the biasness of the finite sample could be made small by appropriately cutting off the highest frequencies.Mattiussi and Iori [8] analyzed a method based on Fourier analysis to estimate volatility and correlation when the observed prices are at a high frequency rate.Their method did not require data manipulation and led to more robust estimates than the traditional methods that have been proposed.They evaluated the performance of the Fourier algorithm to reconstruct the time volatility of simulated bivariate and univariate models.They also used the Fourier method to investigate the volatility and the correlation dynamics of the future market over the Asian crisis period.They detected possible interdependencies and volatility transmission.A nonparametric estimation method based on Fourier analysis applied to continuous semi-martingales was proposed by Malliavin and Mancino [9].It was mainly constructed for measuring instantaneous univariate and multivariate volatility and co-volatility using observations from high frequency data.The Fourier transform of log-returns took into account asynchronous observations and unevenly spaced data.Asymptotic normality and the consistency of the statistical properties of the Fourier estimator was analyzed.They defined the Fourier estimator purposely for co-volatility computation without manipulating the data based on integration embedded in Fourier transform.Also, with high frequency data, the reconstruction of co-volatility as a stochastic function was done in an effective way which allowed the volatility function to be handled as a variable observed in financial applications.[10] presented a new nonparametric method to compute the trajectory of instantaneous covariance using Fourier transform.

Cuchiero and Teichmann
The observation used was discrete from a multidimensional price process in the presence of jump.They extended the work of Malliavin and Mancino [3], [9] by adding a classical jump-robust estimator of a realized covariance estimation integration to estimate the Fourier coefficient.The path of the instantaneous covariance was reconstructed using Fourier-Fejer inversion.They proved the central limit theorem and the consistency of the estimator.Also, they analyzed the asymptotic estimator variance which was smaller by a factor 2/3 as compared to the classical local estimators.They investigated its robustness and showed how to empirically and theoretically estimate the integrated realized covariance of a stochastic covariance process which was instantaneous.Barucci et al. [11] studied the performance of forecasting the volatility estimator using Fourier with micro-structure noise presence.They compared analytically the Fourier estimator which significantly performed better than the realized volatility estimator types, especially for high-frequency data and without noise component.
They showed that the Fourier estimator outperformed the other methods designed for handling the market micro-structure contamination.
All these and many researches have been done in volatility estimation using Fourier analysis without the consideration of the addition of a compensated Poisson jump.In this paper, we are motivated to propose a nonparametric estimation method based on Fourier analysis incorporated with Bohr's convolution and quadratic variation, applying it to continuous semi-martingale process with the addition of a compensated Poisson jump as an extension of the results of Malliavin and Mancino [9].We investigate to see whether the addition of compensated Poisson jump has effect on the results obtained.This method will be suitable for measuring instantaneous multivariate volatility.This process will incorporate discontinuities on the returns on stocks and help fit a better market data with regards to the reflection of the reality in the stock market [12].The estimation of volatility with a compensated Poisson jump will give a fair idea on how the movement of the stock prices will be in order for investors to position themselves well in terms of investing or hedging.
The volatility is reconstructed as a function of time.The volatility matrix under the hypothesis that the volatility process is square integrable.We then derive an instantaneous volatility estimator from the identity based on a discrete, unevenly spaced asset prices.This is important when the derivation of stochastic volatility is performed along the time evolution in terms of contingent claim pricing-hedging [13].This method can be generalized to measure the cross-correlations or co-variances which is a multivariate case.The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 deals with theoretical concepts.Section 3 discusses the estimation of stochastic volatility using Fourier Transform and Section 5 presents the conclusion.

Theoretical Concepts
We present some important mathematical preliminaries that are significant to this paper.These preliminaries will outline some definitions and theorems that will be used in this paper.
Definition 1.A stochastic process N is a counting process if there exists an increasing family of sequence of random variables where j T is finite and ) ( ) Definition 2. Suppose  is a metric space of a real line with metric ( ) , x y θ then a continuous real-valued function ( ) x t on  is called an almost periodic function if, for every 0 ε > , there exists  contains at least one number τ for which ( ) ( ) Φ Ψ be functions on  , where  is an integer, then their Bohr convolution is: ( ) is the identity [16].
Definition 5. Let M be an n-dimensional Riemannian Manifold, ( ) be a tangent space and ( ) * T M be the dual space of ( ) T M then a vector field If Z is an adapted vector field with respect to ω being an adapted differential one form along p , then ( ) ( ) − with respect to ( ) ( ) p e τ ω τ is an adapted vector on n  [16]. .If ω is an adapted differential one form along p , then ( ) ( ) p e τ ω τ is in a linear form [16]. Theorem 1. (Ito energy identity).Let ω be an adapted differential form and Z be an adapted vector field along p ; then it implies that we have Proof: see [16].
Theorem 2. (Ito Formula for a complex variable case).If ( ) where , i j V V are martingales and we apply complex Itô formula to it, then we get, ( ) Proof: see [17].   .
If 2 p = , then we have a special case, then it implies that this inequality holds in this case with constants 2 2 1, See proof [18].
Remark 1.The compensated Poisson process ∈  is a martingale with respect to its own filtration t F [14].
Definition 7. Let t V be a real-valued stochastic process defined on the probability space ( ) , , Ω  F and with time t that ranges over non-negative real numbers then the pth variation is defined as, and Π is the norm of the partition This is true under certain conditions for example, 1 p = defines the first variation or total variation process, for 2 p = , the pth variation equals the quadratic variation if the sum converges.Also, it is a bounded variation if and For a generalize Itô processes, where B is a standard Brownian motion, its quadratic variation is given by [ ] The quadratic variation of a compensated Poisson process

Stochastic Volatility Estimation with Fourier Transforms
Fourier Transform is a nonparametric method which is the representation of frequency domain, and the mathematical operation that links the frequency domain representation to a function of time.A time varying data can be transformed from one domain into a different domain (frequency domain) and that is the main idea behind Fourier [22].To represent functions in Fourier transform, the function has to be non-periodic and its integral of the absolute of the function must converge [23].A function can be reconstructed from its Fourier transform by using inverse Fourier transform.When volatility changes with time, its computation which is done by nonparametric methods centers around small time windows which can be daily, weekly or monthly in a high frequency data.
Fourier transform constructs the volatility as a function for it's iteration and computation of the cross-correlation between price and volatility.Fourier Transform takes into consideration all the observations and avoids inconsistency in data since it is based on integration.Let ( ) p t be the log-price of assets which is a continuous semi-martingale on a fixed time window, then We solve for the price process with a compensated Poisson jump as where σ is adapted to a filtration but α is not necessarily adapted and it's bounded by c are independent Brownian motions on a probability space, such that j i σ and j α are random processes which are adapted to a filtration and satisfies the conditions in (QA) below; ( ) ( ) Definition 8. Suppose we have two assets whose prices are ( ) ( ) then its respective volatilities will be ( ) ( ) (co-volatilities), hence the entries of its volatility matrix ( ) .
, the volatility matrix will be known as the instantaneous volatilities.

The Identity Relation for a Complex Martingale Case
We present the following propositions with their proofs below.
Proposition 5.The identity that relates the price process and volatility matrix with the compensated Poisson jump is Proof.Here we establish an identity which relates the Fourier transform of the price process ( ) p t to the Fourier transform of the volatility matrix The drift α does not contribute to the quadratic variation [24], so without loss of generality, we let 0 α = ; then p is a semi-martingale.
Suppose we have a price process which has a volatility matrix and a com- where ( )( ) ( ) then it suffices from the theory of convolution that, Since 0 α = then from Bohr's convolution, the functions that convolve with α will be zero and also functions that convolve with M apart from itself will be zero, hence we have, From Definition 3, we have, From Equation ( 10), we define the Bohr's convolution of the volatility and the compensated Poisson jump as: which implies Hence the identity that relates the volatility matrix and the compensated Poisson jump is The volatility matrix and compensated Poisson jump are related to the price process by the identity with the volatility independent of the stock's Brownian motion. Proof.
Using Itô formula in Theorem 2 to solve the complex martingale we have, , which implies, and from the definition of a Fourier transform, we have If we have an integer 1 n ≥ , then for any integer q, where q n ≤ and from the Bohr's convolution theory we have, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) where s n H q s s H q s s n H q s s + − can also be reduced to n Q by symmetry as, ( ) ( ) Let ( ) 0 0 Γ = (it refers to the Fourier transform of the initial price) then it implies that By the definition of n Q we have,

∫ ∫
From Equation ( 4), when 0 α = and we have two assets then, then using Itô energy identity Equation (1) we have, ( Expressing Equation ( 17) using Cauchy-Schwarz inequality we have then evaluating the rest of the terms using Burkholder-Gundy's inequality, we ( ) cos qt takes the interval ( ) since the maximum of cos is 1, we have , t u t t ν = − = , then by change of variables we have, This implies that as n → ∞ , ( ) Suppose p is the price process satisfying Equation(3), then the instantaneous volatility function with a compensated Poisson jump is where ( ) Vol p is the volatility of the price process ( ) p t at time t and , q n are integers.
Proof.From Equation ( 7) Then from Proposition 2 and 3, the identity that relates the Fourier transform of the price process with a compensated Poisson jump and the volatility is simplified as, The Fourier-Fejer summation function for From Definition 8, to obtain the instantaneous volatility function , we extract the diagonals of the matrix and sum them, that is In comparison with the one obtained in this paper, the identity that relates the price process and the volatility matrix with the addition of compensated Poisson jump is This means that the addition of compensated Poisson jump had an effect on the volatility of the price process.

Stochastic Volatility Estimation for a Specific Case
Suppose the price process follows the process, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) p q p q t q M q σ α β , then from the theory of convolution, q n s n q Vol p p s p q s N q iqt n n β q n s n q Vol p p s p q s N q iqt n n Σon the time window [ ] 0,t is computed by changing the origin of time, rescaling it to reduce the time window to [ ] 0, 2π and using Fourier transform with Bohr's convolution and quadratic variation to estimate it.We prove a general identity relating the Fourier transform of the price process ( ) p t with a compensated Poisson jump to that of the instantaneous multivariate volatility form ω of degree one along p is a map from [ ]

Theorem 3 .
(Burkholder-Davis-Gundy inequality) For every 1 p ≤ < ∞ there exist positive constants , p p k K such that, for all local martingales X with 0 0 X = and stopping times τ , the following inequality holds.
on ( ) B t then from Equation (9), we have, the Fourier estimator of the instantaneous volatility with a compensated Poisson jump as,( From Equation(10), the Bohr's convolution of the jump diffusion process is: gives the identity relating the price process to the volatility matrix and the jump diffusion process.It implies that, In the case where ( ) ,