The Influence of Porous Features on the Electrochemical Performance of Its Supported Platinum Catalyst in Porous Carbon Nanofibers

Porous carbon nanofibers (PCNFs) were prepared through electrospinning, pre-oxidation and carbonization with polyacrylonitrile (PAN) as carbon precursor and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), CaCO3 as pore-forming agents. The structure, morphology, specific surface area and electrochemical performance of the carbon nanofibers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), N2 adsorption/desorption method and electrochemical tests. Compared with PCNFs without CaCO3, PCNFs(CaCO3 1%) had higher specific surface area, better dispersion of Pt nanoparticles, and the particle size become smaller, which was corresponding with the results of electrochemical performance test. It could be seen in cyclic voltammetry (CV) and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) test, ECSA of Pt/PCNFs (CaCO3 1%) attained 82 m2∙g−1, while that of JM20 and Pt/PCNFs without CaCO3 were 77 m2∙g−1 and 60 m2∙g−1, respectively. These results revealed that CaCO3 as the second pore-forming agent can further increase the mesoporous number and specific surface area of nanofibers, and can improve the electrochemical properties of Pt catalyst as the support.


Introduction
Nowadays with the shortage of energy resource and serious pollution of our environment, fuel cells with their advantage of being a clean and efficient energy have been the focus of the recent studies.The electrocatalyst plays a decisive role in the performance of fuel cells.At present, platinum catalyst is mainly used in the fuel cell, which has great catalytic activity, chemical stability, and exchange current density [1].
Carbon support is one of the key components of the catalyst, which not only directly affects the particle size, dispersion and activity of the catalyst, but also affects the conductivity, mass transfer and specific surface area of the catalyst.[2] For carbon support, the size and distribution of the pores on it affects the dispersion and size of Pt nanoparticles, which in turn affects the performance of the catalyst.Commonly used support materials are mesoporous carbon, carbon nanotubes, porous carbon nanofibers and graphene [3]- [9].There has been research focus on PCNFs as support.Álvarez et al. [10] found that Pt/CNFs catalysts show a better performance when compared to Pt/Vulcan XC-72R catalyst in the same fuel cell environment, may result from the smaller number of micropores in carbon nanofibers increasing the use of the Pt catalyst.This indicated the possibility of improving the electrochemical performance of the catalyst by improving the feature of the pores in the carbon nanofibers as support.
The previous work [11] showed that PCNFs were successfully prepared from polyacrylonitrile/polymethyl methacrylate (PAN/PMMA) blend solution by electrospinning, preoxidation and carbonization steps, and got better electrocatalytic performance on its supported platinum catalyst than Commercial electrocatalyst.In order to further improve the specific surface area and increase the abundance of the pores on PCNFs, this paper introduced CaCO 3 as the second pore-forming agent into the PAN/PMMA system, and more pores were formed by CO 2 derived from thermal decomposition of CaCO 3 .

Fabrication of PCNFs
The precursor nanofibers were prepared by a common electrospinning method.
In a typical procedure, 0 g, 0.05 g, 0.1 g, 0.2 g and 0.3 g of nano-CaCO 3 were dispersed in 9 g of DMAc by sonication for 30 minutes, respectively.And then 0.7 g of PAN and 0.3g PMMA were added, and the mixture was heated at 40˚C for 4 h under stirring to form a homogeneous suspension.The milky suspension was loaded into a plastic syringe equipped with a 23 gauge needle made of stainless steel.The needle was connected to a high-voltage supply.A piece of grounded aluminum foil was placed 18 cm below the tip of the needle to collect the nanofibers.The voltage was set at 18 kV, and the solution feeding rate was 0.9 mL•h −1 .The white nonwoven mat composed of composite nanofibers was collected on the aluminum foil collector.The composite nanofibers obtained by electrospinning were preoxidized in air at 280˚C for 1 h and then carbonized at 1400˚C for 2 h under nitrogen protection to obtain porous carbon nanofibers.

Preparation of the Electrocatalysts
The preparation method and electrochemical evaluation of the catalyst are both based on the report of the research group.[11] 40 mg of PCNFs were put into a three-necked flask and mixed with 30 ml of EG and 15 ml deionized water under ultrasonic treatment for 1h.Then 2 ml of H 2 PtCl 6 •6H 2 O was added into the slurry slowly to ensure about 20 wt% Pt content, and continue to ultrasound for 1 h.After completion of the sonication, the mixture was stirred for 1 h and then heated to 140˚C for 4 h under N 2 .After cooling down to room temperature, the mixture was washed with deionized water and acetone for several times in centrifuge.And then dried at 80˚C in vacuum oven for 12 h.

Electrochemical evaluation of Electrocatalysts
Three-electrode system was used for electrochemical test at room temperature.In the preparation of working electrode, 4 mg catalyst was dripped into 2 ml of Nafion/methanol solution and ultrasonicated for 1 h to get a homogeneous catalyst ink.Then, 20 μl ink was dripped onto a clean glass carbon working ring disk electrode (RDE: 0.2472 cm 2 ) using a pipette, and dry the ink by infrared lamp to bake for about 30 seconds.The liquid electrolyte was 0.1 M HClO 4 aqueous solvent, Pt foil was used as the counter electrode and saturated calomel electrode (SCE) was employed as the reference electrode.All potentials in this work are referred to the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE).The liquid electrolyte was bubbled with N 2 and O 2 about 30 minutes for cyclic voltammetry (CV) and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) test.

Results and Discussion
Figure 1 showed the morphological structure of PCNFs.It can be seen that the diameter of PCNFs was about 200 nm, and PCNFs had mesoporous structure, which were present at both the surface and the cross section.Moreover, surface of PCNFs were defective and rough, which was benefit the distribution and deposition of Pt nanoparticles.Comparing PCNFs (CaCO 3 ) with PCNFs without CaCO 3 , the PMMA-forming pores mainly appeared on the surface of the fiber, showing a gully-like shape.While the CaCO 3 -forming pores mainly distributed inside the fiber and can be observed in the section.In addition, with the increase of CaCO 3 , the pores of the fiber cross-section were significantly increased, when the content reached 3%, the cross-section showing blasting pores.
Pore-forming agents in the samples were PMMA and CaCO 3 .Mesoporous was formed by decomposing of PMMA at about 280˚C.CaCO 3 was thermally decomposed into CaO and CO 2 during carbonation, and the released CO 2 would be an active ingredient, which contacted with the C elements in nanofibers and consumed it in the nanofibers according to the equation CO 2 + C = CO and then formed mesoporous [12] [13].The specific surface area gradually increased with the addition of CaCO 3 content.However, when the CaCO 3 content was too large, it would be agglomerated together to form macropores, therefore the specific surface area was reduced.
Figure 3 showed the TEM images of as-prepared PCNFs without CaCO 3 (Fig.   dispersion of Pt nanoparticles were different.The nanoparticles uniformity of PCNFs, PCNFs (CaCO 3 0.5%) and PCNFs (CaCO 3 1%) are relatively good compared with PCNFs (CaCO 3 2%) and PCNFs (CaCO 3 3%).As can be clearly seen, partly aggregation of Pt particles occurs in PCNFs (CaCO 3 2%) and PCNFs (CaCO 3 3%), which resulted from a larger pore size on the fiber than that of Pt nanoparticles.Average size of Pt nanoparticles was approximately ranged from 2 to 4 nm, when Pt showed smaller size distribution on PCNFs (CaCO 3 1%) than that on PCNFs without CaCO 3 .The reason for the difference of dispersion of Pt nanoparticles in these samples may result from the change of size and quantity of mesoporous in the nanofibers.Figure 4 showed the cyclic voltammograms (CVs) of the samples.As ob served, the CVs had obvious hydrogen adsorption/desorption peaks from 0~0.4 V and Pt oxidation/reduction peaks from 0.6 -0.9 V. Obviously, the samples showed large area of hydrogen absorption.The electrochemical active surface (ECSA) which is an significant parameter used to represent the intrinsic activity of the Pt catalysts can be calculated based on the equation: ECSA = Q/(0.21× M), where Q (mC) is the electrical charge associated with monolayer adsorption of hydrogen on Pt with an assuming value of 210 μC/cm 2 , M is the Pt loading on the working electrode [14].The results of ECSAs were about 77 m 2 •g −1 and 82 m 2 •g −1 for JM20 and Pt/PCNFs (CaCO 3 1%), respectively (Table 2).ECSA values explained that the Pt/PCNFs (CaCO 3 1%) exhibited the highest electrocatalytic activity among these six catalysts.Besides the uniform dispersion of Pt nanoparticles, more mesoporous might provide the area for more Pt nanoparticles to load, and also supply extra and more active sites which could enhance electrochemistry activity.
The ORR activity of samples was obtained by rotating disk measurement (RDE) at 1600 rpm and was shown in Figure 5.As seen in the figure, the Pt/ PCNFs (CaCO 3 1%) exhibited the superior ORR activity compared with other   catalysts.The onset potential of Pt/PCNFs (CaCO 3 1%) was 0.93 V, 30 mV higher than Pt/PCNFs and even 20 mV higher than commercial JM20.In addition, the half-wave potentials for Pt/PCNFs (CaCO 3 1%) were 0.799 V, 26 mV higher than JM20 and 37 mV higher than Pt/PCNFs, respectively.The results displayed that the increase of mesoporous greatly facilitated the catalytic activity.

Conclusion
In summary, PCNFs have been successfully prepared by using nano-CaCO 3 .PCNFs (CaCO 3 1%) had superior specific surface area compared with PCNFs without CaCO 3 , indicating that the introduction of CaCO 3 could improve the structure of fibers and quantity of the mesoporous.Furthermore, PCNFs (Ca-CO 3 1%) also showed better electrocatalytic activity than PCNFs without CaCO 3 and even JM20, demonstrating the improvement of the structure and the increase in number of mesoporous which can make the dispersion of Pt nanoparticles more uniform and the size of it more smaller, which is beneficial to improve the electrochemical performance of Pt/PCNFs.
How to cite this paper: Mao, F.Y., Wang, Y., Fu, K., Jin, J.H., Yang, S.L. and Li, G. (2017) The Influence of Porous Features on the Electrochemical Performance of Its Supported Platinum Catalyst in Porous Carbon Nanofibers.Journal of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, 5, 10-18.
3 (a)) and PCNFs (CaCO 3 ) (Figures 3(b)-(e)).The Pt nanoparticles simultaneously distributed in the surface, cross section and pore channels as shown in the figure.With the addition of CaCO 3 content changes, the uniformity of the

Table 1 .
BET surface area of PCNFs.

Table 2 .
Totally results of the CV and LSV measurement.