The Production of 1 , 8-Cineole , a Potential Biofuel , from an Endophytic Strain of Annulohypoxylon sp . FPYF 3050 When Grown on Agricultural Residues

An endophytic fungus producing 1,8-cineole from Neolitsea pulchella (Meissn.) Merr. was identified as Annulohypoxylon sp. by phylogenetic analyses of the sequence alignments of ITS rDNA, β-tubulin, Actin and EF1-α. This isolate produces an attractive spectrum of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with only one dominant component, 1,8-cineole, as identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The fungus was able to grow in seven media with different carbon sources, and five raw agro-forest residues. The content of 1,8-cineole in the mixed VOCs via fungus reached up to 94.95% and 91.25% relative area in PDA and raw poplar sawdust, respectively. Under optimum test conditions, the fungus produced 1,8-cineole at the 0.764 ppmv in 50 mL head spaces in PDA. Interestingly, 1,8-cineole is an ideal fuel additive for both diesel and gasoline engines. Also, this is the first isolate, in this group of fungi, making cineole, which produces as its primary VOC product which makes it an ideal organism for strain improvement. Such as step will be critical for its ultimate use in biofuel production.


Introduction
It is estimated that less than 5% of the fungal species on the earth have been found and described [1].Endophytic fungi occupy a significant proportion of untold numbers of potential novel fungal genera [2].When morphological data are missing, one can use internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence data to aid in identification fungi [3] [4] [5].For difference strains, the reliability of ITS identification alone is questionable [4] [5].In recent years, multiple gene loci and even whole genome have been developed which greatly helps in organismal identification [3] [4] [5].Endophytic fungi are suitable for the discovery of new chemical entities including enzymes, and useful volatile organic compounds [6] [7] [8] [9] [10].There are many methods to identify these volatile organic compounds, such as stainless steel column carbotrap technology [11], proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) [12], nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy [13] and headspace solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) [14].Among them, HS-SPME-GC-MS is advanced in the analysis of volatile compounds in gas producing fungi because of its simplicity and speed.
The applications of endophytes producing novel bioactive products are gradually expanding in industry, medicine, food and other industries [7] [15] [16].
As an example, in recent years, some endophytic fungi, grown on waste wood fibers, produce some volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are identical to compounds found in fossil fuels [16] [17].These kinds of VOCs could represent the next generation of biomass produced compounds energy for the entire world.1,8-Cineole, usually derived from plants [18] [19], has potential value as a fuel additive or even as a fuel.It improves the octane value of the ethanol gasoline blended fuel [20] [21], which solves the problem of poor energy density of ethanol that is also a fermentation product.Thus, 1,8-cineole has a great advantage for use in internal combustion and diesel run engines [17].1,8-Cineole is a monoterpenes and it is colorless liquid with an odor similar to that of camphor.1,8-Cineole is usually extracted from leaves and branches of Eucalyptus tree species by distillation.Recently, 1,8-cineole has been discovered from a number of endophytic fungi including Nodulisporium sp.[1], Hypoxylon sp.[9], Annulohypoxylon sp.[22] and Acremonium sp.[23].Compared with the previously reported fungi, a new strain FPYF3050 from Annulohypoxylon in this report produces 1,8-cineole as a single dominant volatile in experimental media and on several agro-forest residues substrates.It holds promise as the most potent microbial resource for 1,8 cineole production.

Endophytic Fungal Isolation
The endophytic fungus was isolated from branches of Neolitsea pulchella (Meissn.)Merr.(Lauraceae) growing in the Jianfengling tropical rain forest of Hainan province at E108˚83'; N18˚70', Fungal isolation procedures followed the methods described by Ezra [24] and Arnold [25].Briefly, external tissues were thoroughly exposed to 95% ethanol for 10 seconds prior to excision of internal tissues and 10% Clorox agitated for 2 minutes.Then the draining tissues were agitated in 70% ethanol for 2 minutes.The excised small internal tissues were agitated in sterile water for 15 seconds and cultured on water agar of standard Petri dishes and further purified on potato dextrose agar media.The pure isolate was stored by barley seeds for supporting mycelia growth in the sterile water at 4˚C.The fungus of interest was labeled ID FPYFF3050 and stored at Yan's laboratory and China General Microbiological Culture Collection (CGMCC) with the number of 12771.

Phylogenetic Analysis of Endophytic Fungus
The FPYF3050 strain is in a sterile (not producing spores) stage under laboratory conditions.Its taxonomic information was determined on phylogenetic inference using molecular techniques.The mycelium from FPYF3050 colony in PDA for 6 days was harvested and the genomic DNA extracted using modified CTAB [26].Fungal universal primers for ITS1/4 [27], EF1-983F/EF1-2218R [28], β-tubulin [29], Actin-512F/783R [30] seen in Supplementary Table S1.PCR amplification on the sequences was performed with the 25 μL reaction system containing 0.5 μL of each primer (10 μM), 3.0 μL of DNA template, 12.5 μL of 2× Taq PCR MasterMix (TIANGEN BIOTECH), 8.5 μL of double distilled water.The ITS thermal cycling program was as follows: 94˚C for 3 min, followed by 35 amplification cycles of 94˚C for 30 s, 52˚C for 45 s and 72˚C for 1 min, and a final extension step of 72˚C for 10 min.Only the annealing temperature was changed in this program for Actin, β-tubulin and EF1-α amplification with at 61˚C, 55˚C and 63˚C, respectively.
PCR products were sequenced by the Sunbiotech Company in Beijing, and sequences were submitted to GenBank.Sequences obtained in this study were compared to the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database using the BLASTn software.According to the results of BLASTn, DNA reference sequence data were chosen for phylogenetic analysis, which were from three genera, Annulohypoxylon, Hypoxylon and Daldinia.Bayesian inference [31] was used for the phylogenetic analyses of our DNA sequence data.The sequences were aligned by MAFFT 7.304 [32].Phylogenetic analyses of the aligned sequences were performed with MrBayes3.2.2.For Bayesian analyses, the settings were "invgamma shape", "one substitution" and "NY98".The number of generations was set to 1,000,000, and one tree was saved per 100 generations.The first 20% of the trees were excluded from construction of the consensus tree.The cladogram and posterior credibility values for the clades found were based on the outcome of the last 0.8 million generations.All the phylogenetic trees were rooted using Biscogniauxia atropunctata as outgroup.Evidence on the trees were combined and visualized by TreeGraph 2 [33].

Qualitative Analysis of FPYF3050 VOCs Grown on Selected Substrates
A variety of selected media were used to determine which substrates can facilitate 1,8-cineole production by FPYF3050.The media used for the testing were divided into three types.The first was common laboratory medium including potato dextrose agar (PDA), Czapek's agar (CA) [34], oatmeal agar (OA) [35] and malt extract agar (MEA) [36].The second was synthetic medium described by Mallette [37] including cellulose medium (CM), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and glucose medium (GM) as carbon sources.The third type was agriculture and forestry residue medium including poplar sawdust, pine sawdust, corn straw, rice straw and wheat straw.The five kinds of raw agriculture and forestry residues were rinsed by tap water, and then cleanly washed with ddH2O, the last soaked in sterile water for 2 hours to fully absorb water.Then wet sawdust and straw without dropping water were autoclaved to be medium.The cultural conditions for the strain FPYF3050 was at 25˚C constant temperature for 6 days.All samples were examined in triplicate.
Analyses of gases in the air space above FPYF3050 colony in Petri plates were conducted according to the following protocol as described papers NIST compounds library with GC, and all chemical compounds were described in this report following the NIST database chemical terminology.

Quantification of 1,8-Cineole by GC-FID
Quantification of 1,8-cineole was done in the air space above cultures of FPYF3050 grown for 1 -6 days at 25˚C on PDA (Petri size 9 cm and head space volume is 50 ml).The GC analysis was executed using a Agilent 7980 equipped Parameters and conditions during the HS-SPME process and final quantification by GC-FID were same as HS-SPME-GC-MS previously.Triplicates were for each sample.The contents of 1,8-cineole in the sample were calculated according to the calibration curve.Then mycelium in the culture Petri dish after GC-FID quantification was dried at 60˚C to obtain the dry weight of mycelium.The deviations for dry weights for one colony were less than 0.0001 g among the three individual weightings.

Isolation and Identification of Endophytic Fungus
The isolate FPYF3050 fungus was recovered from the healthy branches of a Lauraceae tree, Neolitsea pulchella (Meissn.)Merr.The strain produces a white flocculent mycelium and forms round colonies in the early stage on PDA medium (Figure 1).Small pieces of black thin flakes occurred on the colonies at 4days old (Figure 1(A)).As the colonies mature, the flakes aggregate and cover the colony with the more blackish green pigments ultimately yielding a black coloration at the bottom of the colony.The pigment secretions gradually dispersed through the whole medium.Thus, the medium is stained black with the increasing culture time (Figure 1    Due to few EF1-α referring sequences in NCBI database, the phylogenetic tree of the EF1-α was not constructed.However, the best hits of the EF1-α of the strain queried in NCBI were Annulohypoxylon nitens and Annulohypoxylon sp.
isolate PK09007 with the identities of 93% and 92% by the BLAST program.The result of this molecular methodology placed the identity of the isolate FPYF3050 fungus squarely in the perfect stage genus of Annulohypoxylon.It is to be further noted that the imperfect stage of this fungus is Nodulisporium which can occur among all of the perfect stages of Annulohypoxylon, Hypoxylon, Xylaria and Daldinia.Thus, in this report we refer to it as Annulohypoxylon sp. FPYF3050.
Annulohypoxylon was created as a new genus from Hypoxylon with ostioles and ascospora morphology and molecular phylogenety in 2005 [5] [38].Annulohypoxylon is divided into two subclades based on the presence or absence of ostiolar disks [5].In this study, the strain, FPYF3050, isolated as an endophytic fungus without any spores or other fruiting structures to characterize it, was characterized using its operational taxonomic units (OTU) species by four phylogenetic loci.Although ITS sequencing has become an effective and important marker for fungal molecular evolution and phylogeny [3] [4] ITS sequences did not exclusively separate Annulohypoxylon and Hypoxylon [5].Therefore, protein-encoding sequences, β-tubulin, Actin and EF1-α, were also involved in the identification of the strain.The Bayes inference of phylogenetic analyses on βtubulin and Actin ascribed the strain into Annulohypoxylon genus, closely clustered with A. strugium and A. atroroseum (Figures 2-4) with the support of 100% posterior probability.The fungi in Daldinia and Hypoxylon clusters have greater genetic distances with the strain.Phylogenetic inference was not developed with EF1-α for the strain due to so few reference strains sequences in NCBI databases for Annulohypoxylon fungi.However, the results queried with EF1-α sequence of FPYF3050 also hit the highest homolog sequences from Annulohypoxylon species by the Blastn program.Therefore, based on all of the available data the strain was assigned as an Annulohypoxylon sp.

VOCs Qualitative Analyses of Annulohypoxylon sp. FPYF3050
The fungus produced diverse volatiles on different media were showed in Table 1 and Table 2, and their respective GC/MS profiles are showed on Supplementary Figure S1 and Figure S2.These volatiles mainly contained alkenes, alcohols and several unknown ingredients.The products appearing were relatively consistent when the fungus was grown on CA, CMC, CM and OA media (Table 1).
GM medium induced the strain to produce more VOCs (Table 1).In PDA and MEA media the fungus produced only 4 and 6 compounds, respectively (Table 1).On the five raw agro-forest residue media, poplar, pine, corn, wheat and rice (Figure 5), the endophytic fungal Annulohypoxylon sp.produced 5, 11, 17, 14 and 7 kinds of volatile compounds, respectively (Table 2).The significant difference of these five kinds of agro-forest residue media is their carbon sources.
The main carbon sources of poplar and pine are the lignocelluloses, and the Table 1.A GC/MS air-space analysis of the volatile compounds was produced by FPYF3050 on 7 medium using a SPME fiber.The diameter of initial inoculums plug is 5 mm.The strain FPYF3050 was at 25˚C constant temperature for 6 days.Compounds found in the control Petri plate are not included in this table.achieved at the sixth day in the incubation period of this fungus under the outlined test conditions, and the yield began to decrease at the seventh day.Therefore, we acquired data of colony diameter, dry weight of mycelium and quantity of 1,8-cineole from 1 to 6 days on PDA (Supplementary Table S2).The highest production of 1,8-cineole was a 6-day-old culture of Annulohypoxylon sp.making 0.764 ppmv in a 50 ml air space of a Petri plate with 9 cm diameter.Analysis of 1,8-cineole yield was related to two factors, dry weight of mycelium and colony diameter and Supplementary Table S2 showed that they were linear relationships.The R value was 0.9974 for the linear relationship between dry weight of mycelium and 1,8-cineole yield (Figure 6).
In the PDA medium, the fungus produced 4-5 detectable volatile compounds compared to 29 VOCs with Hypoxylon sp.CI4A [9], 32 VOCs with Nodulisporium sp. [1], 15VOCs with Annulohypoxylon sp.[22], 20 VOCs with Acremonium sp.R1, and 16 VOCs with Acremonium sp.R2 [23].Thus, the Annulohypoxylon is unique among all of these strains relative to its ability to make mostly 1,8-cineole in its mixture of VOCs.The content of 1,8-cineole in VOCs produced by FPYF3050 growing on PDA was up to 94.95% of the relative area (RA) according to GC-MS results (Table 1).However, the abundance of 1,8-cineole in VOCs produced by other endophytic fungi was lower than 30% RA [1] [9] [22] [23].In the case of Hypoxylon sp.CI4A, 1,8-cineole was represented as only 0.5% of the total VOCs [9].The capability to produce highly abundant 1,8-cineole by the fungus is maintained in different substrates, such as in MEA with Figure 6.Relationship between quantity of 1,8-cineole and dry weight of mycelium, colony diameter.1 and Table 2).However, starch, glucose, and cellobiose as a source of carbohydrates, were reported to facilitate higher concentrations of 1,8-cineole of Hypoxylon sp.CI4A [9].Therefore, the Annulohypoxylon sp.FPYF3050 would be a feasible organism tions that the substrate of poplar sawdust was used as medium to produce 1,8cineole of optimal yield.Moreover, the strain FPYF3050 seems to possess a stable production of 1,8-cineole with constant transfer to different media and different cultural conditions over the course of time (data not showed).Furthermore, it would be an ideal organism for studying 1,8-cineole or monoterpene metabolic pathways of fungi [40] [42].The genome of the strain FPYF3050 has just been sequenced with the size of ca.43M, and twelve terpene synthases have been found in the genome (data not show).This organism could nice serve for subsequent enzyme and bioengineering analyses.Fungal monoterpenes serve important functions in economic in the ecology of fungi but little knowledge exists about their biosynthesis and biological interactions.

Conclusion
This study illustrates that the endophytic fungus FPYF3050, which was identified as an Annulohypoxylon species by phylogenetic analysis, can grow on different substrates and produce 1,8-cinole.The fungus, especially on poplar sawdust, grows quickly and produces only five VOCs.Among them, 1,8-cineole accounted for 91.25%.1,8-Cineole, an octane derivative, has been tested as a fuel additive or even as a biofuel [20] [21].Compared with sourcing the plant as a means to acquire 1,8-cineole, FPYF3050 can not only reduce costs but also take full advantage of agro-forest residue to produce 1,8-cineole quickly.It appears that Annulohypoxylon sp.FPYF3050 has interesting potential applications in the fields of industry and biofuels since it is so capable of making 1,8-cineole from biomass residues.

[ 9 ]
[37].A baked fiber syringe of 50/30 divinylbenzene/carboxen on polydimethylsiloxane (Supelco) was exposed to the vapor phase inside Petri for 40 min through a small hole (0.6mm in diameter) drilled on the sides of the Petri plate.Then the syringe was inserted into the splitless injection port of a Thermo Finnigan gas chromatograph containing a 30.0 m × 0.25 mm HP-5MS capillary column with a film thickness of 0.25 mm.A 30 s injection time was used to introduce the sample fiber into the GC.The column was temperature programmed as follows: 33˚Cfor 2 min increased to 220˚C at 5˚C•min −1 .The MS (TRACE DSQ) was scanned at a rate of 5 scans per second over a mass range of 41 -560 amu.Control PDA Petri plates uninoculated with the strain were used to subtract compounds contributed by the medium.All treatments and checks were done in triplicate.Tentative identification of the compounds produced by FPYF3050 was made against with an FID detector, HP-5MS column (30.0 mm × 0.25 mm, film thickness 0.25 μm).The operating conditions were oven temperature 33˚C (2 min), 33˚C -220˚C (7˚C/min), 220˚C (7 min); injector temperature 240˚C, with the tail blowing gas N 2 (39 ml/min); detector temperature 250˚C, H 2 :O 2 is 40:400 ml/min.All compounds with a quality match of 60% and above were recorded.The standard 1,8-cineole (Fluka) was diluted 10 times in 5 concentrations with hexane ranging 0.005 to 50 μL/ml.Each standard 1,8-cineole concentration contained linalool (internal standard, Fluka) of the same concentration at 0.5 μL/ml.The calibration curve was found with As/Ai (standard peak area /internal standard peak area) as transverse coordinate and Vs/Vi (standard volume/internal standard volume) as longitudinal coordinate, and calculated relative mass calibration factor F (F = (Ai*Vs)/(As*Vi)).The calibration curve was linear and passed through the origin.

Figure 1 .
Figure1.Morphological characteristics of FPYF3050 on PDA.A is 4-day colony morphological characteristics on PDA.A1 is the obverse and A2 is the reverse.The mycelium is villiform.B is 30-day colony morphological characteristics on PDA.B1 is the obverse and B2 is the reverse.Small black thin flakes occur on colony and the medium is stained into black by pigment.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. A phylogenetic tree generated by Bayesian analysis from ITS dataset.The phylogenetic tree was rooted using Biscogniauxia atropunctata as outgroup.Bayesian posterior probability values greater than 50% are shown above branches and species clustering is noted.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3.A phylogenetic tree generated by Bayesian analysis from β-tubulin dataset.The phylogenetic tree was rooted using Biscogniauxia atropunctata as outgroup.Bayesian posterior probability values greater than 50% are shown above branches and species clustering is noted.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4.A phylogenetic tree generated by Bayesian analysis from Actin dataset.The phylogenetic tree was rooted using Biscogniauxia atropunctata as outgroup.Bayesian posterior probability values greater than 50% are shown above branches and species clustering is noted.

to maximize 1 , 8 -
cineole production in industry.Interestingly, 1,8-cineole was abundantly maintained in the VOCs mixture with the lignocelluloses biomass, such as raw poplar and pine residues which are most abundant supply of agricultural and forestry waster in the world.The content of 1,8-cineole in fungal VOCs was quantified with internal stand method by HS-SPEM-GC-FID[39]   [40].In this study, Annulohypoxylon sp.FPYF3050 on PDA in Petri with 9 cm diameter yielded 1,8-cineole with 0.764 ppmv.The alternative process for 1,8cineole in industrial scale will attenuate to dependence on Eucalyptus plants, which are raw materials for producing natural 1,8-cineole by distillation methods with best quality of 80% in fine oil[18] [41].Fungal 1,8-cineole production is a more economically and environmentally friendly method to acquire 1,8cineole than that of plant extraction.Also, this study has meaningful implica-

Table 2 .
A GC/MS air-space analysis of the volatile compounds was produced by FPYF3050 on 5 agro-forest residue medium using a SPME fiber.The diameter of initial inoculums plug is 5 mm.The strain FPYF3050 was at 25˚C constant temperature for 6 days.Compounds found in the control Petri plate are not included.
*unknown is the content with quality match lower than 60.