The Global Analysis of a Stochastic Two-Scale Network Epidemic Dynamic Model with Varying Immunity Period

A stochastic SIR epidemic dynamic model with distributed-time-delay, for a two-scale dynamic population is derived. The distributed time delay is the varying naturally acquired immunity period of the removal class of individuals who have recovered from the infection, and have acquired natural immunity to the disease. We investigate the stochastic asymptotic stability of the disease free equilibrium of the epidemic dynamic model, and verify the impact on the eradication of the disease.


Introduction
The recent advent of high technology in the area of communication, transportation and basic services, multilateral interactions have afforded efficient global mass flow of human beings, animals, goods, equipments and ideas on the earth's multi-patches surface.As a result of this, the world has become like a neighborhood.Furthermore, the national and binational problems have become the multinational problems.This has generated a sense of cooperation and understanding about the basic needs of human species in the global community.In short, the idea of globalization is spreading in almost all aspects of the human species on the surface of earth.The world today faces the challenge of increasingly high rates of globalization of new human infectious diseases and disease strains [1] associated with the high number of inter-patch connections modern efficient global human transportation.For instance, the recent 2009 H1N1 flu pandemic [2] is closely interrelated with the many inter-patch connections facilitated human transportation of the disease.Attempts to study human infectious disease dynamics influenced by human mobility process in complex human meta-population structures are made [3]- [15].
The inclusion of the effects of disease latency or immunity into the epidemic dynamic modeling process leads to more realistic epidemic dynamic models.Furthermore, epidemic dynamic processes in populations exhibiting varying time disease latency or immunity delay periods are represented by differential equation models with distributed time delays.Several studies [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] incorporating distributed delays describing the effects of disease latency or immunity in the dynamics of human infectious diseases have been done.A mathematical SIR (susceptible-infective-removal) epidemic dynamic model with distributed time delays representing the varying time temporal immunity period in the immune population class is studied by Blyuss and Kyrychko [19].In their study, the existence of positive solution is exhibited.Furthermore, the global asymptotic stability of the disease free and endemic equilibria are shown by using Lyapunov functional technique.Moreover, they presented numerical simulation results for a special case SIR epidemic with temporal immunity.The temporal immunity was represented in the epidemic dynamic model by letting the Dirac delta-function be the integral kernel or the probability density function of the distributed time delay.
Stochastic models also offer a better representation of the reality.Several stochastic dynamic models describing single and multi-group disease dynamics have been investigated [20]- [29].In [21], a stochastic multi-group SIRS epidemic dynamic models is derived and studied.The random environmental fluctuations manifest as variability in the disease transmission process.In addition, the global positive solution existence is exhibited by the Lyapunov energy function method and a positively self invariant set is defined.Moreover, the the stochastic asymptotic and mean square stability of the disease free equilibrium are exhibited by applying Lyapunov second method.In [22], D. Wanduku and G.S. Ladde derived and studied a stochastic two-scale network constant temporary delayed SIR epidemic model.The temporary immunity period accounts for the time lag during which newly recovered individuals from the disease with conferred infection acquired or natural immunity lose the immunity and regain the susceptible state.They utilized the Lyapunov energy function method to prove the global positive solution process existence, and defined a positively self invariant set.Moreover, the the stochastic asymptotic and mean square stability of the disease free equilibrium are exhibited by applying Lyapunov functional technique.In [20], a stochastic SIR epidemic dynamic model with distributed time delay is studied.Moreover, the stochastic asymptotic stability of the disease free equilibrium is also exhibited by applying the Lyapunov functional techni-que.
In this paper we extend the two-scale network SIR temporary delayed epidemic dynamic model [22] into a two-scale network SIR delayed epidemic dynamic model with varying natural immunity period.The varying immunity period accounts for the varying time lengths of immunity within the immune population class.This means that individuals recovering from the disease acquire natural immunity against the disease.Moreover, the immunity period varies for individuals in the immune population class.Furthermore, the acquired immunity wanes with time and the temporary immune individuals are reconverted to the susceptible state.This work is organized as follows.In Section 2, we derive the distributed time acquired immunity delay epidemic dynamic model.In Section 3, we present the model validation results of the epidemic model.In Section 4, we show the stochastic asymptotic stability of the disease free equilibrium.

Derivation of the SIR Distributed Delay Stochastic Dynamic Model
In this section, we derive the varying immunity delay effect in the SIR disease dynamics of residents of site r i s in region r C of the two-scale population.We recall the general large scale two level stochastic SIR constant temporary delayed epidemic dynamic model studied is given ( [22], (2.7)-(2.9)).We extend the constant temporary immunity effect in [22] into the varying time temporary immunity effect as follows: we assume that for each ( ) ru ia f ≥ .The two level large scale stochastic SIR delayed epidemic dynamic model with varying natural immunity period and which is influenced by the human mobility process [30] is as follows: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) where all parameters are previously defined.Furthermore, for each ( ) , we have the following initial conditions is the space of continuous functions with the supremum norm ( ) and w is a Wierner process.Furthermore, the random continuous functions , 1, 2, 3 We express the state of system (2.1)-(2.3) in vector form and use it, subsequently.We denote where ( )  : Let 2 00 3 00 n z ∈  be an arbitrary vector defined in (2.6), where ( ) , ,  is defined as follows whenever 1 p ≤ < ∞ , and ; : In addition, from (2.1)-(2.3),define the vector 2 00 00 n y ∈  as follows: For ( )

Model Validation Results
In the following we state and prove a positive solution process existence theorem for the delayed system (2.1)-(2.3).We utilize the Lyapunov energy function method in our earlier study [22] to establish the results of this theorem.We observe from (2.1)-(2.3)that (2.3) decouples from the first two equations in the system.Therefore, it suffices to prove the existence of positive solution process for ( ) ( )) We rewrite (3.2) as follows where dV is the Ito-Doob differential operator with respect to the system (2.1)-(2.3).We express the terms on the right-hand-side of (3.4) in the following: Site Level: From (3.2) the terms on the right-hand-side of (3.4) for the case of Intra-regional Level: From (3.2) the terms on the right-hand-side of (3.4) for the case of , , u r a j j i = = ≠ ( ) Regional Level: From (3.2) the terms on the right-hand-side of (3.4) for the case of , , u q q r a l = ≠ = , ( ) is the p-sum norm (2.7) for the case of 1 p = .We define the stopping time

(
) Suppose on the contrary that ( ) In the same structure form as (3.2) and (3.4), define From (3.11), using the expression (3.4), the Ito-Doob differential Intra-regional Level: From (3.11), the terms of the right-hand-side of (3.4) Regional Level: From (3.11), the terms of the right-hand-side of (3.4) for the case of , , u q q r a l = ≠ = ( )     ( ) where A I is the indicator function of the set A.
We recall [30], and . Hence the fourth and fifth terms on the right-hand-side of (3.17) are such that , We now let ( ) . The expected value of (3.17) is estimated as follows Finally, by the total probability principle, e e e e e P P P ( ) , Theorem 3.1 signifies that the number of residents of site r i s of all categories present at home site r i s , or visiting intra and inter-regional sites r j s and q l s respectively, are nonnegative.This implies that the total number of residents of site r i s present at home site and also visiting sites in regions in their intra and inter-regional accessible domains [21], given by the sum ( ) , is nonnegative.Moreover, the total effective population [21], defined by ( )( ) The following result defines an upper bound for the solution process of the system (2.1)-(2.3).We utilize Theorem 3.1 to establish this result.

R
under the sum norm 1 ⋅ centered at the origin , with radius is self-invariant with regard to a twoscale network dynamics of human epidemic process (2.1)-(2.3)that is under the influence of human mobility process [30].That is, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) is a positive self-invariant set for system (2.1)-(2.3).We shall denote

Existence and Asymptotic Behavior of Disease Free Equilibrium
In this section, we study the existence and the asymptotic behavior of the disease free equilibrium state of the system (2.1)-(2.3).The disease free equilibrium is obtained by solving the system of algebraic equations obtained by setting the drift and the diffusion parts of the system of stochastic differential equations to zero.In addition, we utilize the conditions that in the event when there is no disease in the population.We summarize the results in the following.
For any ( ) The asymptotic stability property of ru ia E will be established by verifying the conditions of the stochastic version of the Lyapunov second method given in ([31], Theorem 2.4), [32], and ( [31], Theorem 4.4), [32] respectively.In order to study the qualitative properties of (2.1)-(2.3)with respect to the equilibrium state ( ) , 0, 0 , first, we use the change of variable that shifts the equilibrium to the origin.For this purpose, we use the following transformation: By employing this transformation, system (2.1)-(2.3) is transformed into the following forms We state and prove the following lemmas that would be useful in the proofs of the stability results.( ) , and it satisfies where ( ) Proof: See ( [22], Lemma 4.1).
We now state the following lemma.Lemma 4.2.Assume that the hypothesis of Lemma 4.1 is satisfied.Define a Lyapunov functional where 1 V is defined by (4.7), and ( ) Moreover, ( ) ( ) where a positive constant c is defined by Proof: The computation of differential operator [31] [32] applied to the Lyapunov function 1 V in (4.7) with respect to the large-scale system of Ito-Doob type stochastic differential Equations (2.1)-(2.3) is as follows: ( , for , By using (3.25) and the algebraic inequality where , , a b c ∈  , and the function g is such that ( )    coupled with some algebraic manipulations and simplifications, we have the following inequality where, for each ( ) ( ) . This completes the proof.We now formally state the stochastic stability theorems for the disease free equilibria.Proof: From the application of comparison result [31] [32], the proof of stochastic asymptotic stability follows immediately.Moreover, the disease free equilibrium state is exponentially mean square stable.We now consider the following corollary to Theorem 4.1.( ) ) The equilibrium state rr ii E is stochastically asymptotically stable provided that , 1 1.The presented results about the two-level large scale delayed SIR disease dynamic model depend on the underlying system parameters.In particular, the sufficient conditions are algebraically simple, computationally attractive and explicit in terms of the rate parameters.As a result of this, several scenarios can be discussed and exhibit practical course of action to control the disease.For simplicity, we present an illustration as follows: the conditions of 0, in Corollary 4.1 signify that the arbitrary site r i s is a "sink" in the context of compartmental systems [33] [34] for all other sites in the inter and intraregional accessible domain.This scenario is displayed in , signify that the magnitude of disease inhibitory processes for example, the magnitude of the recovery process is greater than the disease transmission process.A future detailed study of the disease dynamics in the two scale network dynamic  structure for many real life scenarios using the presented two level large-scale delay SIR disease dynamic model will appear elsewhere.

Conclusions
The presented two-scale network delayed epidemic dynamic model with varying immunity period characterizes the dynamics of an SIR epidemic in a population with various scale levels created by the heterogeneities in the population.
Moreover, the disease dynamics is subject to random environmental perturbations at the disease transmission stage of the disease.Furthermore, the SIR epidemic confers varying time temporary acquired immunity to recovered individuals immediately after recovery.This work provides a mathematical and probabilistic algorithmic tool to develop different levels nested type disease transmission rates, the variability in the transmission process as well as the distributed time delay in the framework of the network-centric Ito-Doob type dynamic equations.In addition, the concept of distributed delay caused by the acquired immunity period in the dynamics of human epidemics is explored for the first time in the context of complex scale-structured type human metapopulations.
The model validation results are developed and a positively self invariant set for the dynamic model is defined.Moreover, the globalization of the positive solution existence is obtained by applying an energy function method.In addition, using the Lyapunov functional technique, the detailed stochastic asym-ptotic stability results of the disease free equilibria are also exhibited in this paper.Moreover, the system parameter values dependent threshold values controlling the stochastic asymptotic stability of the disease free equilibrium are also defined.Furthermore, a deduction to the stochastic asymptotic stability results for a simple real life scenario is illustrated.We note, further detail study of the stochastic SIR human epidemic dynamic model with varying immunity period for two scale network mobile population exhibiting several real life human mobility patterns will appear elsewhere.
We note that the disease dynamics is subject to random environmental perturbations from other related sub-processes such as the mobility, recovery, birth and death processes.The variability due to the disease transmission incorporated in the epidemic dynamic model will be extended to the variability in the mobility, recovery and birth and death processes.A further detailed study of the oscillation of the epidemic process about the ideal endemic equilibrium of the dynamic epidemic model will also appear else where.In addition, a detailed study of the hereditary features of the infectious agent such as the time-lag to infectiousness of exposed individuals in the population is currently underway and it will also appear elsewhere.
u C recover from the disease and acquire natural immunity against the disease immediately after recovery.The recovered individuals further loose immunity and become susceptible to the disease after a period of time s, where the immunity period s is an infinite random variable with values between 0 and ∞ for the different individuals in the immune population class.Using ideas from[19], we derive and incorporate the varying time acquired immunity delay effect into the epidemic dynamic model ((2.7)-(2.9),[22]thatan individual who recovered from disease at an earlier time t s − is still alive at time t.Furthermore, ] representing the probability density of the time s to loose acquired immunity by residents of site r i s in region r C who were previously infectious at their visiting site u a s in region u C , and who have recovered from disease acquiring natural immunity with varying time lengths.Moreover,

. 16 )
Taking the limit on(3.16)  as k → ∞ leads to a contradiction because the left-hand-side of the inequality (3.16) is infinite, and the right-hand-side is finite.Hence e τ τ ∞ = a.s.In the following, we show that e , from (3.10), (3.11) and the definition of the indicator function A I it follows that

(
, the conclusion of Theorem 4.1 and some algebraic manipulations.Remark 4.2.

Figure 1 .
The average life span is smaller than the joint average life span of individuals in the intra and inter-regional accessible domain of site r i s .Furthermore, the conditions

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Shows that residents of site r i s are present only at their home site r i s .Hence they isolate every site from their inter and intra regional accessible domain ( ) r i C s .Site

s
is a "sink" in the context of the compartmental system[33] [34].The arrows represent a transport network between any two sites and regions.Furthermore, the dotted lines and arrows indicate connection with other sites and regions.
(2.1)-(2.3)when we let the probability density function of the immunity period, ,