Non-Linear Ion-Acoustic Solitary Waves in Electron-Positron-Ion Plasma with Non-Thermal Electrons

Ion-acoustic solitary (IAS) waves in electron-positron-ion (e-p-i) plasma have been of interest to many researchers probably due to their relevance in understanding the Universe. However, the study of non-linear ion-acoustic waves in e-p-i plasma with non-thermal electrons has not been adequately studied. A theoretical investigation on non-linear IAS waves in e-p-i plasma comprising of warm inertial adiabatic fluid ions and electrons that are kappa distributed, and Boltzman distributed positron is presented here using the Sagdeev potential technique. It was found that existence domains of finite amplitude IAS waves were confined within the limits of minimum and maximum Mach numbers with varying κ values. For lower values of κ , the amplitude of the solitary electrostatic potential structures increased as the width decreased, while for high values, the potential amplitude decreased as the width of the solitary structure increased.


Introduction
The electron-positron (e-p) plasmas have frequent occurrence in the Universe [1].The inclusion of an ion in an e-p forms an e-p-i plasma.These e-p-i plasma are ubiquitious in astronomical environments.In such situations, positrons drastically change the behaviour of non-linear waves and it is for this reason that they have attracted the attention of several authors [2] [3] [4] [5].
Large amplitude ion-acoustic waves in e-p-i plasma were studied by [2], using the Sagdeev potential technique.Their results showed that the larger the relative positron density, the lower the Mach number for a soliton of fixed amplitude to propagate.Later, [3], studied the effect of the ion temperature on large amplitude ion-acoustic waves in e-p-i plasma consisting of Boltzmann distributed positrons.He found that the ion temperature increased the maximum Mach number and decreased the amplitude of ion-acoustic waves.Furthermore, in studying non-linear acoustic excitations in e-p-i plasma, [4] studied the accretion disks of active galactic nuclei, where the ion temperatures were much higher than those of electrons and positrons.Due to very high ion temperatures in accretion disks, the ions were modeled using the Boltzmann distribution, whereas the electrons and positrons were governed by the fluid equations.Most research work about e-p-i plasmas have treated electrons as being Boltzmann distributed species thereby, leaving kappa distributed electrons not adequately studied.
The kappa κ distribution function possesses the desired property that the particles with velocities greater than the thermal velocity obey a power law distribution and gives better fits to real space plasma [6].The family of isotropic generalised Lorentzian or κ -distributions takes the form [7]: where 0 e N is the unperturbed equilibrium electron density, θ is the most probable speed of the particle species related to the usual thermal velocity, ; T being the characteristic kinetic temperature, i.e., the temperature of equivalent Maxwellian distribution with same average kinetic energy; B K is Boltzmann's constant, Γ is the usual gamma function, and κ is the spectral index that determines the hardness of the energy spectrum corresponding to the presence of excess suprathermal particles in the tail of the distribution function [8].In the limiting case, when κ → ∞ (e.g 10 κ = ), the distribution function approaches the familiar Maxwellian form (Figure 1).Low values of κ represent distributions with relatively large com- ponent of particles with speeds greater than the thermal speed ("superthermal particles") and an associated reduction in "thermal" particles, as one observes in a "hard" spectrum [9].
Apart from kappa distributed electrons, electron populations can suit other non-thermal distributions eg.Cairn's distribution [10].Recently, [5], used Cairn's distributed electrons in an e-p-i plasma and [11] applied the distribution on a 4-component complex dusty plasma.In both cases, solitons of both polarities were found to exist.However, for a κ distributed electron population, solitons of both polarities may not arise.Therefore, this study investigated the effect of using κ distributed electrons in an e-p-i plasma.This paper is therefore structured with the following sections: A brief introduction, description of the model, discussion of results and finally we present a conclusion.

Description of Plasma Model
We considered a simple three species unmagnetised and collisionless plasma model whose electrons are kappa-distributed.The other species are warm inertial adiabatic fluid ions and Boltzmann-distributed positrons, thereby referred to as an e-p-i plasma.The electrons, positrons, and ions are considered to have temperatures , e p T T and i T respectively.Again, the electrons, ions, and positrons are assumed have densities of , e p N N and i N respectively.
The charge equilibrium equation for the system when electrostatic potential, 0 ϕ = is given by 1 , where is the ratio of equilibrium number density of ions to electrons, is the ratio of equilibrium number density of positrons to electrons.
Integrating the adopted kappa distribution Equation (1), the velocity space gives the unnormalised electron number density as ( ) ( ) It can be noted that Equation ( 3) is only valid for 3 2 κ > , and kappa distribu- tions reduce to Maxiwellian distributions, when κ → ∞ [12], while for low values of κ , "hard" spectrum with strong non-Maxiwellian tail following a power-law at high speeds are obtained [7].Normalizing by appropriate scaling quantities, the electron number density is obtained in dimensionless form as ( ) where e n is particle density and the electrostatic potential φ are scaled as The positrons follow the Boltzmann distribution given as, ( ) Normalising with respect to 0 e N , the number density for positrons may be written in a dimensionless form as where, For ions, the density is obtained from the fluid equations.These are continuity, pressure, and momentum equations written respectively as follows: where, V and i P are the un-normalized ion fluid speed and ion thermal pressure respectively; ( ) i i m q is the ion mass (charge), and ( ) This system of Equations ( 7)-( 9) are normalized by introducing dimensionless quantities ( , , , , x t n u p and φ ) such that; ( ) Here, m and e the ion mass and electronic charge respectively.
The normalised equations are obtained as: In transforming to the stationary frame, the solution of nonlinear equations of a wave depends on x and t through the variable x Mt ξ = − .Here M is the Mach number (normalized by the phase speed of the ion-acoustic waves).Thus, We can now integrate Equations ( 10)-( 12) applying boundary conditions as ξ → ∞ ; , i i u p and 0 φ → , and eliminating i u between the three expressions to obtain the ion density equation as, where ( ) ( ) It is easy to show from Equation ( 13) that for ( ) , the negative sign is used and for ( ) , the positive is used.The negative sign corresponds to supersonic species [13].The negative sign satisfies the boundary condition of 1 i n → with 0 φ → as ξ → ±∞ .As a result, the ion density is obtained as Equation ( 4), ( 6) and ( 14) are coupled by Poisson's equation, where 0 ε is permittivity of free space and i q e = (for ions), p q e = (for positrons) and e q e = − (for electrons).Normalising with 0 e N , gives ( ) ( ) ( ) In the stationary frame, Substituting Equations ( 4), ( 6) and ( 14) into Equation ( 16), and integrating with respect to φ , the usual energy equation [14] is obtained as ( ) where ( ) φ represents a potential well with φ playing the role of "coor- dinate" (pseudoposition) and ξ represents the role of "time".From Equation (18) and Equation (19) the Sagdeev potential or pseudopotential is obtained as ( )

Theoretical Analysis
The derived Sagdeev potential, ( ) φ is vital in finding the existence domains of IAS waves.For solitary waves to propagate in an e-p-i plasma, Sagdeev potential, ( ) φ and its derivatives with respect to φ must satisfy the following conditions [15].
at the origin ( ) 2) such that the origin is unstable i.e., ( ) φ has maximum at origin.
where s M is the lower Mach number limit below which no soliton can exist.
For ( ) which inequality is part of the soliton (existence) condition to be fulfilled as ( ) i.e., using the charge neutrality condition in Equation (2).For the fixed value of κ , solitons may exist only for values of the Mach number satisfying It follows that if Equation (24) is the "true" Mach number, the structures would be truly supersonic.( ) , leading to a sufficient condition, ( ) finding the minimum Mach number, s M , for the nonlinear solitary structures, the maximum Mach number, u M was found using Equation ( 14).Another limiting potential was obtained to be ( )

Numerical Analysis
Numerical solutions of the existence domains supported by the plasma model against M for the existence domains in a three component plasma.
consisting of three species were obtained using the Sagdeev potential in Equation (20).

Existence Diagrams
Figure 3(a) shows the existence domains for solitons in parameter space of maximum and minimum Mach numbers for a plasma with electrons having the same temperature positrons, i.e.,  clearly be seen that the existence domains of finite amplitude ion acoustic solitary waves are confined within the limits of Mach number given by Equation ( 23) and (24), respectively.For the values of κ used, the positive potential solitons exist for the full range ( 0 1 p f < < ) of the density ratio.For this case, the existence domain increased with increase in κ . .Finally, it was observed that increasing the electron-positron (e-p) temperature ratio, τ increased the Mach number of the solitary wave.It is predictable that when temperature ratio, i σ is increased, a corresponding increase in the existence domains of the finite amplitude ion acoustic solitary waves is obtained.Having discused the existence domains of IAS waves in an e-p-i plasma, the effects of kappa distributed electrons and inertial warm ions on propagation of IAS waves is discussed next., and various values of κ ranging from 3 (in purple dots) to 10 (red thick line).Different values of κ were used to examine the one that would give a better fit to the kappa distribution.It is clearly observed that for a lower value κ , the amplitude of the solitary electrostatic potential structures increased from 0.04 for 10 κ = , to 0.10 for 3 κ = .Hence, for a fixed M, a decrease in κ causes an increase in the true sound speed.Thus, it follows that a decrease in κ leads to larger solitons, as shown in Figure 4(a).Furthermore, the depth of the Sagdeev potential increased from 0.0001 to 0.0015 over the range ( 3 10 κ < < ).Thus, the soliton profile increased as the non- thermal component was increased.When the amplitude increased, it resulted into the soliton profile, which become a bit steeper.Figure 4(b) is a plot of ( ) φ ξ against ξ showing the bell shaped electrostatic potential.It is clearly seen that for lower values of κ , say 3 κ = , the potential amplitude increased as the width decreased, while for high values ( 5 κ = ), the potential amplitude decreased as the width of the solitary structures increased.environment, plasma formation is more likely and amplitude of the soliton is maximum because of greater depth.

Effect of Inertial Warm Ions
In Figure 5(b), the electrostatic potential, ( ) φ ξ is plotted against ξ , for varying i σ values.Only bell shaped electrostatic potentials are obtained.The potential amplitude increased as ion-to-electron temperature ratio, i σ decreased.
However, the width of the solitary structures increased with increasing ion-toelectron temperature ratio, i σ .Furthermore, it is shown that the potential amplitude ( ) φ ξ , in the non-thermal case was higher for smaller value of 0.015 i σ = , but this trend became weaker for bigger values, say 0.025 i σ = . It was noted that the effect of i σ on the amplitude of the solitary waves was weaker for non-thermal case when 0.020 i σ > as shown by the black thick curve and green dotted curve in Figure 5(b).In conclusion, the effects of ion temperature ratio i σ on the properties of the new solitary wave are more pronounced for smaller i σ .

Conclusion
The study findings show a fully non-linear ion acoustic solitary wave in e-p-i plasma with three species (i.e., warm inertial adiabatic ion fluid, kappadistributed electrons, and Boltzmann-distributed positrons).The existence of large amplitude ion acoustic solitons of positive electrostatic potential was obtained.Numerical solution of the energy integral equation showed that positive solitary waves existed with a property of having faster pulses with taller and slender amplitudes.Furthermore, increasing the non-thermal parameter κ , it was found that the amplitudes of ion acoustic solitons were reduced when a significant fraction of positrons is present in the plasma.This implied that the positron component hindered the propagation speed of the solitons.These results are capable of enhancing the understanding of non-linear structures in e-p-i plasmas found in certain astronomical environments containing non-
e., m φ for positive root (positive potential) and m φ for negative root (negative potential).The primes represent derivatives of ( ) is satisfied.The origin at 0 φ = thus defines the equilibrium state, which represents a local maximum of ( ) This is on the basis of investigations by[13] [15] who showed that the existence of solitons required s M M > .This implies that solitons can have finite amplitudes at s M in the region where solitons with both polarity exit.For

Figure 2 (
Figure 2(a) shows the necessary minimum Mach number for the existence domains of solitary structures.For the three component plasma, Figure 2(a), shows that there are two acoustic existence ranges for the solitary waves i.e., between 0.0221485 s M = , before the thermal velocity and 0.510656 s M = solitons (see Figure 2(b)).In this case of a three component plasma model, the solution for the existence domains exist in the range 0

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. (a) A graph showing Positive solitons at different values of κ (i.e., 3 κ = are indicated by blue dots,

Figure 3 (
b) shows numbers, M plotted against the electron-positron temperature ratio, τ for various values of ion-to-electron temperature ratio (

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. (a) The Mach numbers, M against the positron-to-electon density ratio p f for different values of non-thermal parameter κ .(b) The Mach numbers, M versus the electron-to-positron temperature ratio, τ for various values of i σ .

Figure 4 (
Figure 4(a) shows the variation of the Sagdeev potential, ( ) S φ with φ for a fixed Mach number, 0.62 M =, and various values of κ ranging from 3 (in purple dots) to 10 (red thick line).Different values of κ were used to examine the one that would give a better fit to the kappa distribution.It is clearly