Suggestion to Create a New Foraminiferal System

The paper discusses a new conception of the foraminiferal system, which constitutes an extensive but rapidly developing group of organisms. In the author’s view, this system is based on five criteria those of morphological, ontophylogenetic, geochronological, paleogeographical, and paleobiogeo-graphical ones. The morphological criterion is a cardinal one with regard to the chemical composition and microstructure of test walls. The rank of the established 15 subclasses of foraminifera is assigned to the class Foraminifera d’Orbigny, 1826. Thus, the scientists generalized the data on the foraminiferal studies and raised this group of organisms from a rank to a class in comparison with orders in the system known from “Basics of Paleontology” [1]. The phylogeny of separate subclasses established on the basis of five foraminifera development stages is of great importance because it corresponds to the morphological structure and crucial tectonic movements during the Phanerozoic. The studies of the morphological peculiarities of the foraminiferal tests are based on the various methods elaborated mainly by the author.


Introduction
The foraminiferal research has been done since the early XIX th century. The most intensive studies of these organisms were made in the XX th century, but since the beginning of the XXI st century a number of works devoted to this theme have significantly decreased.
The first investigations began in Western Europe in the 20 th of the XIX th century. Those were the generalized works done by A. d'Orbigny (1826), A. Reuss J. Cushman (the USA) is regarded as the creator of the first foraminiferal sys-tem, and many other American researchers worked in this direction. For example, big reports on these organisms made by A. E. Tappan (1964, 1987/88) are known.
In 1930-1940 s the foraminiferal research started in the Soviet Union and it was associated with the oil areas of Baku. In 1940 s the works written by D.M. Rauzer-Chernousova and A.V. Fursenko came out. The first national reference book called "Basics of Paleontology" [1] was created under the supervision of these outstanding scientists. The book presented the first system of the foraminiferal subclass with the subdominant orders and some other taxa.
On the basis of foraminiferal cytoplasm studies A.V. Fursenko determined their position in the rank relating to the subclass of the Protozoon Sarcodina type. In the subclass of foraminifera ("Basics of Palaeontology" [1] A.V. Fursenko established 13 orders with the subdominant taxa (superfamilies, families, subfamilies and genera). American scientists [2] [3] have established of Foraminiferal System, correspond to order (higher takson).
Further the improved foraminiferal system came out [4] [5]. In [9]. The works written by A. Loeblich and H. Tappan [10], M.A. Kaminski [11] [12] have been singled out by the author. These scientists generalized the data on the foraminiferal cytoplasm studies and raised this group of organisms from a rank to a class.
The author of the present paper has studied the fossil foraminifera for many years [13]- [25] and took part in creation of Foraminiferal System. Also, author supports the investigations of N.I. Maslakova and the other scientists who published significantly improved systems. But the author has increased the number of subclasses (instead 8 now 15) and added many may orders which were earlier included in the rank of superfamilies or families in [1].
The creation of foraminiferal system is also based on the researches done by the author during more 50 years and take into account of investigations abovementioned scientists. Textulariata (the taxon of just the same name but it unifies subdominant orders). Also author added the following subclasses: Ataxo-phragmiata, Orbitolinata, Buliminata, Nummulitiata. Two last subclasses were distinguished by the author from the Rotaliata subclass. In doing so, the author of this paper has added eight subclasses to the earlier known 8 ones [24] [25].
The distinction of all subclasses is based on the peculiarities of the chemical composition of the wall and the morphological structure of shells. Ontophylogenetic, geochronological, paleogeographical and paleobiogeo-graphical criteria are also taken into account [16] [20]. In during Fanerozoic author has been es- is not necessary to proceed from only one morphological criterion in order to solve the problems of foraminiferal systematics. It is necessary that we should take into consideration the total combination of all the above-mentioned five criteria.
The recently published work [27] presents a new foraminiferal classification based on the molecular research which results in determining two subclasses and one complex. Unfortunately, in our opinion, this technique is not progressive because such big orders as Lagenida, Fusulinida and Involutinida came to the "incertae sedis" group.

Results of the Investigation
The author of the present paper has suggested a foraminiferal system in the rank of the class d'Orbigny, 1826, including 15 subclasses, 13 of which were known in the rank of the order in the system from "Basics of Paleontology" [1]. In its further development of the system of these organisms A.V. Fursenko [26] recommended the national researchers to use this basic standard reference book. These recommendations served as a basis for the suggested system of the foraminifera class where the well-known subdominant orders, rarely subfamilies, families were raised in the rank by the Podobina [24] [25] up to fifteen subclasses and 11 orders added. In doing so, the author of the paper used four above-mentioned criteria along with the morphological one in the foraminiferal systematics.
The author of the paper concerned has been studying the fossil foraminifera [13]- [25], supports and adds the research done by N. I. Maslakova [4] [5] dealing with a significantly specified system. As it was mentioned earlier, such a subclass, however, which is called Textulariata Mikhalevich, 1980, presented in the system of N. I. Maslakova and the classification of agglutinated foraminifera [11] [12] includes heterogeneous orders which on the basis of their chemical composition, microstructure of the wall, and some other criteria (ontophylogenetic, geochronological, paleogeographical, paleobiogeographical) can constitute independent subclasses. In the author's view, these taxa, or new subclasses by any definition correlate partly with the orders which had been earlier suggested under the supervision of D. M. Rauzer-Chernousova and A. V. Fursenko ("Basics of Paleontology" [1] and A.V. Fursenko [26]). As previously noted, the author of the present paper increased the number of the subclasses (to 15) and orders to 11 which had been earlier known in the foraminiferal surveys of the superfamilies and families rank [1] [24] [25].
The proposed system of foraminifera is based on the research done by the author and the above-mentioned scientists. As an example, the paper provides the paleontological plates (1 and 2) from Order Orbitolinida Maslakova, 1990 Order Tetrataxida Podobina, 2014 8. Subclass Fusulinata Maslakova, 1990 Order Parathuramminida Mikhalevich, 1980 Order Moravamminida Maslakova, 1990 Order Nodosinellida Maslakova, 1990 Order  [25]  The suggested specified foraminiferal system is much more related to the well-known system ("Basics of Paleontology") [1] which we usually use in everyday scientific and practical activities.

In the opinion of A. V. Fursenko [26] and V. M. Podobina [16] [20] [21] [24]
[25] to solve the problems of foraminiferal systematic using the paleontological data there one cannot proceed from only one criterion, as a rule, a morphological one. It is necessary that we should take into consideration the total combination of all above-mentioned five criteria.
Recently a new foraminiferal classification has been worked out. It is based on the molecular research done [26]. Two new classes-those of Globothalamea and Tubothalamea Foraminifera in the phylum d'Orbigny, 1826 are also established.
One-chamber forms with organogenic and agglutinated wall are grouped into a Monothalamids complex. The Globothalamea class includes multi-chamber forms, the chambers of which are of a spherical form. In the Tubothalamea class one can single out multi-chamber forms which chambers are of a tubular form.
In this system among the Monothalamids complex two one-chamber orders (Allogromida and Astrorhizida) are established. Several fairly abundant orders (Lagenida, Fusulinida and Involutinida) are regarded as "incertae sedis", that is the groups of the forms of unclear systematic position. The suggested system by the authors concerned has been created with regard to only one criterion (that of a morphological one) based on the data in terms of the molecular composition of the foraminifera. Therefore, this classification deserves further thorough investigations and then it will be possibly considered as one of the reliable systems. The shell is multi-chamber, spiral-plane or streptoid, involut. During the later stage it is of a unilinear form. Its shell opening is simple or complex, cribrose.
The wall is calcareous with microgranular microstructure, sometimes it is pseudo-alveolar. They occur in carbonate or terrigenic facies having carbonate matter in the Boreal or Tethys ocean belts, Jura-Cretaceous Plate 2.

V. M. Podobina
*Allogromiata and Astrorhiziata subclasses-emergence since the Late Docembrian and existence during the Phanerozoic. They give to rise to the Ammodisciata subclass: 1 st stage-emergence of these three subclasses and existence up to now. 2 d stage-emergence of 6 subclasses (4 -9) with О and S, the peak of their activity with D. 3 d stage-emergence of 4 subclasses (10 -13) with T, the peak of their activity with J and K. 4 th stage-emergence of 2 subclasses (14; 53) in the Late K, the peak of their activity in P (Eocene). 5 th stage-extinction of 2 subclasses (7; 15) by the Late Eocene, emergence of new Globigerinidae taxa.

Conclusions
The well-known system [25] of the higher taxa (subclasses, orders) of the class Foraminifera d'Orbigny, 1826 has been worked out on the basis of the national reference book "Basics of Paleontology" [1]. The rank of the foraminifera is raised to a class according to the recent research of the cytoplasm of these organisms [4] [5] [10] [11] [24] [25]. The rank of the orders distinguished in the reference book "Basics of Paleontology" [1] is viewed by the author as the sub-classes and several subdominant superfamilies and families are treated as orders. 15 subclasses in class Foraminifera are established by the author (including 8 subclasses, establishing by the other scientists. One of them Trochamminata is wrong and author has written about it).
The position of the subdominant taxa (superfamilies, families, subfamilies and genera) should be specified further on the basis of the research of the separate foraminiferal groups.
The author has succeeded in establishing three orders in the subclass Ammodisciata Podobina, 2014 relying on the investigation of the topotypes of separate genera which serve as the basis for distinguishing superfamilies, which rank is raised to orders [16] [24] [25]. In the author's opinion, such analogous superfamilies and later on possibly orders may be established in the subclass Ataxophragmiata Podobina, 2014, where the existence of twin genera [23] has already been repeatedly proved. They differ in their chemical composition, wall microstructure, morphological structure of shells along with some other known criteria.
In establishing the new subclasses the author sought to follow the system formed under the supervision of D.M. Rauzer-Chernousova and A.V. Fursenko [1] with the hope of further investigation which will be based on the national classification. The author has also used separate taxa, mainly genera from the well-known American system [2] [3].
Consequently, in the process of studies and correlation of the foraminifera using the well-established criteria, the suggested foraminiferal system will be improved. In doing so, it is necessary that we should take into account the data on the chemical composition, and wall microstructure. A complex of criteria with due regard for the morphological structure will provide an opportunity to establish much more natural and valuable foraminiferal system.