Mathematical Analysis of an Optimal Control Problem of Surface Water Pollution

We present in this paper a new technique based on Gelfand’s triplet [1] and include differential theory to make a theoretical analysis of an optimal control problem with constraints governed by coupled partial differential equations. This technique allowed us to give some theoretical results of existence and uniqueness of the solution of constraints and characterize the optimal control.


Introduction
The objective of this paper is to make a theoretical analysis of an optimal control problem with constraints governed by coupled partial differential equations.
The interest of this work is two-fold.Indeed firstly the resolution of optimal control problem with partial differential equations constraints is a challenge for the current research in the field both theoretically and numerically.Secondly, the mathematical model studied is of utmost importance in practice since the physical phenomenon is modeled through this paper concerning the pollution of surface water.The studied problem is very complex since the objective function is not explicitly defined in term of control directly.Hence there is a need to solve equations that govern constraints that are also complex as we couple the model which describes the pollutants dissolution with Navier-Stokes equations.
To overcome these difficulties, we built a new technique based on the Gelfand's triplet and theory of differential solutions to transform the partial differential equations into ordinary differential equations [1] [2].
The outline of this paper is as follows: in this second section we present the mathematical model; the third section is devoted to the main results of existence uniqueness and also estimation of the system; in the fourth section we conduct the characterization of the optimal control and we end this work with a conclusion and perspectives.

Mathematical Model
Let Ω be a bounded domain of 3   , with boundary Γ sufficiently regular.
We denote by ( ) , , x y z = x an element of Ω .
We consider the following model: ( ) ( ) where: • z d is an observation function; D is a given linear continuous operator of observation; N is a given positif real; • c denotes the concentration of pollutants, g is a source term, d is a diffusion coefficient, v represented the control which allows to act on the system; • ( ) , , u u u u = and ( ) x denote respectively the velocity and the pressure of water, f external forces, ν the kinematic viscosity; • Equations (2.a)-(2.c)modelling the transport and dissolution of pollutants; • Systems (2.d)-(2.g) is Navier-Stokes equations.
We rewrite problems (1)-(2) in the following compact form: ( ) ( ) where U ad denotes set of admissible controls.In this form it is easier to establish results of existence and uniqueness concerning the control when knowing some properties of J and U ad [3] [4] [5].

Main Results
To make the theoretical study of system (2), we define the following Gelfand triplet: V H V *   , where the injections are continuous, dense and compact.
We choose in this paper ( ) We assume that there exist two positive constants A and A* such that the following inequality hold: 1 .
We also recall the following result concerning the Navier-Stokes equations whose proof can be found in [6].

2
L Ω a divergence field.Then there ex- ists a unique solution u of the Navier-Stokes equations associated to the initial

Main Result 1
This first result concerning existence and uniqueness of solution of the model that governs the dissolution of pollutants: For this we introduce Gelfand's triplet for the following operators: and We consider a function , where 3 , and With these notations Equation (6) becomes: where C denotes the derivative in the sense of the distributions of C and We define the space of solutions by: where ( ) ( ) 0, ; L T H − Ω are equipped with the respective norms: Theorem 2. If ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 0, ; G L T H ∈ then there exists a unique state: solution of the problem (11).
Proof.To proof uniqueness we first establish the following intermediate result: ( ) ( ) . , Assuming existence of two solutions 1 C and 2 C of (11), let denote by C C C = − then C satisfies the following equation: . 0, 0 0 on .

C t d C t U C t U C t a e t T C H
by multiplying the first equation of (18) by C and integrating over [ ] 0,t , we obtain: To prove existence of the solution we first prove that the problem approached of the problem model has a unique solution and that this approximate solution converges to the exact solution.Let consider the following approached problem ( ) m P of Equation (11) given by: , .
We assume that this approximated problem is posed on the subspace , , , of the space V which is separable, then there exists a sequence ( ) , n e e e are linearly independent; • The set of linear combinations of elements of this sequence is dense in V (and therefore in H and V * ).Proposition 3.Under the assumptions of theorem (2), 1 m ∀ ≥ , (22) admits a unique solution m C which belongs to m V .
Proof.The proof is based on the Carathéodory's theorem which we apply to the following function: are measurable respectively in V * and H , this function is also continuous in W [7] [8]; • the condition of minoration on any compact of m V is assured by the fact that ( ) Then, for every 0 X ∈ Ω , there exists at least one solution to the system: which is therefore the solution of (22).
In order to demonstrate the convergence of the approximated solution to the exact solution, we establish the following priori estimation results.

Regularity of the Solution
Let C be the unique solution of (11) and C q + a perturbed one of (11).We suppose that 0 C and H λ ∈ , F , ( ) and a U , ( ) ( )  , then q satisfies the following equation: Effect the scalar product of (40) by ( ) q t and integrate over [ ] [ ] we obtain: , , d .
t t a t t q U q s q s s U C s q s q s s d q t q t F s q s s λ ∆ being monotonous then: By Lemma 3.2, we have: According to Willet-Wong's inequality we deduce: Using relation (25), one can have a priori estimation of q solution of (40).There exist a constant are increased then: .

Main Result 2
The space of admissible controls considered in this paper is ( ) Theorem 5 The optimal control problem (3) has a unique solution ad W U ∈ And we have the following inequality: Proof. to proof this result, one can proof that the functional J is inferior semicontinuous, strongly convex and differentiable.
Let us proof that J is inferior semi-continuous.We consider a sequence ( ) ) which converges strongly to ( ) we can extract a subsequence also denoted by ( ) X and Y are inferior semi-continuous then: ( Apply Fatou's lemma to the sequence ( , according to (45) we have: To proof the strong convexity, we choose ( ) ; Applying the first unequally Clarkson to the first term in right member, we obtain: 0, ; 0, ; 0, ; x By applying the equality of the parallelogram to the second term the right member, we obtain: .8 And the differentiability of J is proved by calculating the following limit: , , d 2 According to these properties of J we conclude that problem (3) admits an unique minimum W on ad U .

Main Result 3
Theorem 6.If D is a surjective operator of the space ( ) given by: where P is the solution of the adjoint equation.First Case: We assume that D is an injective operator define from the space in Proof.The derivative given by ( 51) is unusable since for each test W we must solving the tangent model (53).The introduction of the adjoint state allows us to obtain a explicit expression of J ′ [11] [12].We first perform the scalar product of the first equation of (53) with P and then integrate by parts we obtain: ( ) with additional conditions on P given by: we obtain: To characterize the control we consider the two cases given by relations (56), and (57).Then if the adjoint equation is given by the proof is the same for both cases D .The adjoint equation is given by: ( ) ( ) 0

Conclusions
The aim of this paper is a mathematical analysis of an optimal control problem of surface water pollution by using a triplet of evolution adapted to order of derivations.This technique allowed us to propose theorems not only of existence and uniqueness of the control but also of the solution of the equation that governs the constraints which is nonlinear.Then we solved the control problem directly and gave an optimal control characterization by using the adjoint equation.
It is essential to remember that this study only allowed us to characterize the optimal control without giving an analytical expression of it.In a future work we will proceed to a numerical approximation of this model in order to propose solution to the decision makers.
To proof relation (27) we use the fact that the Laplacian is a bounded linear operator and the following lemma: Lemma 3.1.
hand let j ∈  fixed, m ∀ ∈» denoting by ( ) is dense in V thus: ) search Ĉ , i.e. the tangent model: In fact Seconde Case: D is the identity operator define from ( the adjoint equation according to the nature of the operator D given by (55)-(57)

x
scalar product between the first equation of the adjoint equation with Ĉ and we integrate over [ ] So that thus one can write J ′ as follows (51) give: equation had to be satisfied whatever the disturbance on W , especially if 0 W ≠ .Necessarily, we have: which is a reflexive Banach space.We can extract a n