Assessment of Groundwater Water Quality in M’nasra (Morocco)

The consumption of non-potable water is the main cause of mortality and morbidity in the world [1]. 88% of diarrhea cases worldwide are attributed to unsafe drinking water; inadequate sanitation or inadequate is responsible for 1.5 million of deaths every year, mostly in children [1] [2]. Household waste. Leachate can be considered among the potential sectors that can contribute to the degradation of water quality and soil. To this end, we selected physicochemical inorganic elements like indicator of pollution in the neighboring groundwater discharge of the water table in the region of Ouled Berjal to assess the quality of the region’s water wells in M’nasra. The wells in full discharge have a very high pollution levels and water collected from wells located right near the discharge of Ouled Berjal shows lower levels of contamination. So the well water away from the landfill is quite low compared to the other groups.


Introduction
This product of the dissolution of organic matter and trace elements (heavy metals, organic pollutants and chemicals, radionuclides...) is a source of pollution of soil and water, including groundwater. Among the inorganic compounds found in raw leachate are the heavy metals that attract attention because of their potential toxicity. Although these substances are generally present at low concentrations in the leachate (with the exception of iron and manganese), some can be dangerous if they infiltrate at a source of drinking water. The microbiological contamination, parasitological, biological and physicochemical water from groundwater poses real public health problem [3] [4] [5].

Study Milieu
The samples were taken 23 wells, three wells (P21, P22, P23) are located inside the discharge, three other are adjacent to the discharge (P15, P16 and P17) and the remainder wells (P1, P2, ..., P20) distributed in the study area of M'nasra region. These samples are filled into plastic bottles and then sent to the laboratory ORMVAG, Kenitra. To better exploit the data collected, we have divided them into three groups according wells the distance that separates them from the source:  Group 1 where the wells are within the discharge is composed of the wells 21; 22 and 23.  Group 2 consists of moderately distant from the discharge shaft (15; 16 et 17).
 Group 3 includes the remaining wells often further.

Potential Hydrogen
The distribution of the potentials of hydrogen according to the distances which separates the relief wells also shows a highly significant difference (Fisher = 7.41; p < 0.001). The mean of the classification by the Tukey test, these three groups shows that the wells in the discharge have a slightly basic pH (pH = 7.83), followed by the other wells which are either at an average distance or far from the source with a pH of 7.43 and 7 respectively, 39. In addition, the three groups were very uniform in having a very low coefficient of variation ranging from 0.33% to 0.74% ( Figure 1).
For the irrigation water, usually the recommended pH is between 6.5 and 8.5

Electrical Conductivity (EC)
To locate the status of wells in the three groups, we proposed to establish a variance analysis to a single dimension effect "distance". The results of this analysis show a highly significant difference (p < 0.000) between the mean of the conductivity of the groups studied. The comparison of averages Tukey identified three non-overlapping groups. Group 1 comprise the wells in full discharge with a conductivity of up to 3.34 ms/cm, group 2 close to the landfill with an average conductivity of 1.42 ± 0.073 and end wells located at a significant distance from the source and which are characterized by low conductivity values (0.68 ± 0.021). The evolution of the average conductivity in wells of group 1 were very homogeneous (CV = 0.00%) opposite wells of the groups 2 and 3 show, respectively, significant variation coefficient of 35% and 43% ( Figure 2). However, groundwater discharge show high mineralization of about 3.33 ms/cm. This pollution occurs through two mechanisms: direct contamination which occurs at the discharge career and due by Contact leachate with the tablecloth that goes back to the bottom of quarries; indirect contamination due to infiltration and percolation of leachate through the soil and the unsaturated in general permeable area. It is favored by the shallow depth of the water table (4 m). This pollution is then spread in the same direction as that of the flow of the web to achieve the wells located in the vicinity of the landfill site. This explains the high conductivity values stored at the nearest well. These results agree with those obtained by El-Kharmouz [8] and greater than those found by [9]. Many factors could influence the local conductivity of water such as the amount of mineral or organic matter in suspension, the physicochemical quality of urban, agricultural or industrial discharges and evaporation phenomen. The determined average value is greater than 2.7 ms/cm, considered direct discharge limit value. Therefore, water well in the group 1 are unfit for irrigation and those of groups 2 and 3 correspond somehow to national standards. So we can classify these waters in the grid of underground water of very poor quality > 3000 ms/cm to 25˚C.

Salinity
The results in showed that the distance between the wells in the discharge is a classification criterion, the difference is therefore very highly significant (Fisher = 781.52, p < 0.000). Three categories were deduced by the Tukey test. Indeed, a first category represented by the distant wells of the discharge (mean = 0.436 g/l), followed by Group 2 (mean = 0.907 g/l) and finally the category of wells in the landfill (wells 21, 22 and 23) with a concentration of 2.13 g/l. high dispersion was pronounced in groups 2 and 3 respectively, with coefficients of variation of 39.12% and 51.57% (Figure 3).

Hardness: Calcium (Ca 2+ ) + (Mg 2+ ) (Mineral Matter)
The results of the analysis of variance shows that the factor "distance" in a very highly significant (Fisher = 247.720; p < 0.000). Therefore, the comparison of average class sinks into three distinct categories. The first category consists of the further well (group 3) and having registered moderately lower concentrations. The second category includes the well in the group 2 (sufficient distance greater than that of group 1) with an average of 183.04 ± 8.92 mg/l and a group variation of 33.75%. However, the group of wells located in the heart of the landfill is isolated from the other groups, while mean values with significant Ca 2+ + Mg 2+ (mean = 249.12 ± 8.2 mg/ml).
Furthermore, the recorded concentrations well above those set as appropriate limits, by the Moroccan authorities. These values indicate that the waters especially the first two groups are assumed to be very hard (Figure 4). The total hardness of water is produced by calcium and magnesium salts contained therein. This parameter has a large variation which is linked to the lithology of the aquifer and in particular to the composition of magnesium and calcium. Rock formations containing divalent metals (Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , ...) are responsible for the hardness.

Calcium (Ca 2+ ) (Mineral Matter)
The graphical representation of the Ca 2+ content per well revealed a large dispersion among them. This variation is of the order of 43.9% is approved by an  A highly significant difference was marked between the averages of the three groups, and their classification did retain two non-overlapping categories. The first category consists only of group 3 whose average grade is low (Mean = 92.62 mg/l), the second category includes the Group 1 and 2 which display relatively high concentrations (168.48 and 163.30). The group variation exceeds 28%, this explains many nonseasonal stability Ca 2+ .
Possible negative correlation was marked between the distance between the well source and also of the Ca 2+ content. From Figure 5, these values often exceed accepted standards for water consumption for group 1 and group 2. This shows a pollution of groundwater by calcium probably from the discharge through the leachate.

Magnesium (Mg 2+ ) (Mineral)
This variation is much more visible, while collecting this to the distance between the wells in the discharge Ouled Berjal. Nevertheless, analysis of variance, followed by the test shows Tukey plain good discrimination intra and inter group.

Sodium (Na + ) (Mineral Matter)
Analysis of variance single factor "distance effect" gives a fairly high value of Fisher (F = 3215.85). The effect therefore of the distance between the borings is very highly significant (p < 0.000). The comparison of averages has classified these groups into three distinct categories. The first category is characterized by very low average concentrations (=58.83 ± 2.49 mg/l) and the third category for the further shaft is marked this time by very high levels (=949.67 ± 19.72 mg/l). Wells groups 2 and 3 have identified a wide variation intra category respectively resulted in coefficients of variation of 74.52% and 60.85% (Figure 7).

Potassium (K + ) (Mineral Matter)
Analysis of variance shows that the distance between them to have a major effect on the potassium content. The comparison of means by the Tukey resortir test has three non-overlapping categories. The first category includes wells that are far from the discharge (mean = 5.23 mg/l) and the third category contains wells that displayed contents K + very high (mean = 33.30) (Figure 8).

NH + )
Analysis of variance single factor "distance effect" shows that the distribution of   the average grade has a highly significant difference (Fisher = 358.31, p < 0.000).
Furthermore, the average comparison enabled to distinguish two classes, first class is composed of one well in the group that recorded an average of 5.01 ± 0.078 and a second class bringing together well in groups 2 and 3. A high dispersion is marked in the latter two groups (CV = 28.64%, CV = 32.14) (Figure 9). Analysis of variance "distance effect" shows a highly significant difference.
Perfect discrimination was reported, resulting in three non-overlapping groups, maximum values were recorded in group 1, group 2 and then followed a third group where wells are not too loaded ion 3 NO − .

HCO − )
Analysis of variance for a single classification factor shows that the position of the well has a highly significant effect on the distribution of concentrations of bicarbonate (Fisher = 1539.37; p < 0.000), and the distance between these wells to landfill (Fisher = 394.26; p < 0.000) (Figure 12). However, the comparison of means was possible to classify the wells in order of increasing bicarbonate concentration, so the closest are most likely to be contaminated with bicarbonates.

4 SO − )
The ANOVAI shows that the distance to a highly significant effect on the dispersion of the concentrations determined on the relevant wells. Moreover, the

Conclusion
The study of parameters indicative of contamination from leachate generated by the discharge of Ouled Berjal allowed us to identify a mineral water contamination of the water table. Indeed, it is the water collected from wells 21, 22 and 23, located right in the landfill and in the flow direction of the web which are the most vulnerable to contamination mineral, organic, and inorganic things.