The Impact of Characteristics of B 2 C Retailer on Purchasing Intention — Based on TAM Model

The rapid development of Internet makes B2C E-commerce more and more popular. This paper is based on TAM model and related consumer behavior theory, structuring the hypothesis model of consumer intention. Then we used SPSS 19.0 and Amos 21.0 to analyze data, and to explore the relationship between the characteristics of online retail and consumer perception, and relationship between consumer perception and consumer intention. The results suggest that: 1) credit degree negatively influences perceived risks; 2) information quality has a significant positive impact on perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use, and a significant negative impact on perceived risk; 3) service quality has a significant positive impact on perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use, and the impact on the perceived risk is not significant; 4) perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use positively influence purchasing intention, perceived risks negatively influence purchasing intention. The conclusion of this study may be useful for online retailer to make valid marketing strategies.


Introduction
The number of Chinese internet users and online shopping user has been increasing rapidly.According to the 38th Statistical Report on Internet Development in China released by China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC) in Beijing [1], as of June 2016, the number of Chinese netizens has reached 710 million, with an increase rate of 3.1%.The scale of mobile phone users has reached 656 million at the same time.
Online shopping users have reached 448 million, increase 34.48 million with an increasing rate of 8.3% comparing to which by the end of 2015."2015 Annual Chinese e-commerce market data monitoring report" shows that China's online retail market transaction scale has reached 3.8285 trillion yuan until 2015, with an increasing rate of 35.7%.
Responding to the daily rising consumer demanding, B2C shopping network like JD, Tianmao, and Weipinhui etc. has gain a great growth.Along with rapid development of various network business models, online shopping has widely infiltrated into all fields of society.As the network environment and law and regulations get better day by day, the scale of online shopping will keep growing.However, to gain and keep more customers, B2C retailers are still facing a series of problems like information quality, service quality, trust and logistics.
Gaining and keeping customers is the key of success of B2C retailer.In consumer behavior research, intention is an important tool of behavior prediction.Planned Behavior Theory noted that behavior is caused by both behavioral intention and perceived behavioral control.Consumer purchase intention refers to the tendency of buying something.Behavioral intention is an extremely important predictor of behavior.
Therefore, it is important to analyze and interpret the formation mechanism of purchase intention.B2C business is going gangbusters in online retailing market."Onestop service" provided by this kind of retailers acquires more consumer recognition.This paper studies consumer intention basing on TAM, which is useful to help us to know more about how to implement marketing in the B2C field from customers' perspectives.

Consumer Intention
Whether consumers will ultimately buy the selected products depends largely on their purchase intention.Therefore, one should know about consumers' intention first if he/she plans to predict purchase behavior.Intention refers to the subjective probability of doing something.Purchase Intention refers to the possibility of buying a product or service by a consumer, and it is a subjective psychological feeling.Mullet (1985) considered that consumers' attitudes towards a product or brand, coupled with the role of external factors, constitutes consumer's purchase intention [2].Purchase intention can be viewed as the tendency to buy something and as an important indicator of predicting purchase behaviors.Dodds (1991) defined purchase intention as the probability to buy something, and it was composed by the attitude towards a product or a brand and something external factors [3].Grewal et al. (1997) pointed out that purchase intention is the possibility of buying a certain product [4].Blackwell (2001) thought that the willingness to buy means what consumers think they want to buy.Schiffima and Kanuk (2000) pointed out that purchase intention is used to measure the possibility of buying a particular product.
Definitions made by different scholar are not exactly the same, but most of them consistently considered purchase intention as a psychological activity and the possibility of buying something.Therefore, we define purchase intention as the possibility and probability of buying certain products or services in the paper.

TAM
Theory of Reasonable Action-TRA is a model using to test and explain the behaviors of human being.Davis (1986) constructed Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) on the basis of TRA [5] [6].The main goal of TAM is to make a tool to predict the adoption of information system.TAM proposed that the behavior of using information system is caused by behavior intention, and intention is caused by both users' attitude towards using system and perceived usefulness of information system.Attitude reflects individual's good or bad feeling of using system, which is determined by both perceived usefulness (PU) and perceived ease of use (PEOU) Perceived usefulness (PU) is affected by both perceived convenience and external factors.Perceived usefulness (PU) refers to individual's feeling about the extent of improving performance by using certain application system.Perceived convenience refers to individual's expectation of the ease extent of using system.The more useful and convenient of using a technique, the more positive of people's attitude and intention towards them and the more possible to adopt them.Davis et al. put forward advanced TAM.This model divides into two stages, including prior model and later model.They omitted attitude variables in this advanced model.Behavior intention is affected by both perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use when consumers adopt the technology for the first time, and affected only by perceived usefulness.Perceived ease of use has indirect effect on behavior intention through affecting perceived usefulness.That is to say, perceived ease of use has great impact on initial technique adopter but small to old users.
In the aspect of B2C shopping, perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness affects both shopping attitude and behavior of consumers.For example, interface design, the procedure of placing an order, and payment method, as well as protection to consumers' private information have direct influence on consumers' online shopping intention and behavior.Many scholar adopted TAM to study online shopping.Bauer (1967) put forward perceived risk at the first time [7].He believes that consumer behavior will cause unpredictable consequences, and some of the consequences are likely to be unhappy.Therefore, consumer behaviors involve risk in this sense.He points out that perceived risks mainly involve uncertainty of decision and seriousness of decision results.Cox (1967) put forward that it may bring out perceived risks when consumer cannot makes sure which kind of product or service can meet their needs or the results cannot meet their expectation after shopping [8].Cunningham (1967) performed an empirical research and divided the perceived risks into the following two factors: 1) uncertainty, that is, subjective probabilities for a particular consumer about whether something is going to occur; 2) the consequences, that is, the danger of results caused by something [9].This definition has become the mainstream of the subsequent research about perceived risk, and gets the recognition of most follow-up scholars.In terms of online shopping, Sandra et al. (2003) define perceived risk as "the subjective expectations of loss in an online shopping experience" [10].

Perceived Risk
In terms of the dimension of perceived risks, Woodside (1968) believes that perceived risks can be divided into three aspects: social, functional and economic.Jacoby and Kaplan (1974) divided consumer perceived risk into five aspects: financial risk, functional risk, physical risk, social psychological risk and social risk [11].Stone and Gronhaug (1993) pointed out that the financial, functional, physical, psychological, social and time risks have 88.8% interpreting ability of the overall perceived risk [12].So far, most of the network perceived risks researches used these six dimensions.Miyazaki et al. (2002) studied the impact of perceived risk such as privacy risk and security risk on consumer's online shopping behavior [13].Dong Dahai et al. ( 2005) used factor analysis and other statistical techniques to draw the following four dimensions of perceived risks: the core services risks from network retailers, following risks of online shopping, privacy risks and fake risks [14].
Based on previous research, this study defines perceived risks as the subjective expectations of the various consequences brought by shopping on B2C websites.Quality) and defined it as the extent to which a website facilitates efficient and effective shopping, purchasing, and delivery [15].Santos (2003) defined the quality of electronic services as the overall evaluation and judgment of the extent of excellence of E-service provided by network shopping market [16].Parasuraman (2005) did an in-depth study of the quality of electronic services and defined it as the extent to which how website facilitates efficient and effective shopping, procurement and delivery [17].

Retailer Literature Review
Online retailers refer to the retail business who does commercial activities by means of the Internet.Consumers can not actually come into contact with the goods because network goods are invisible.Therefore, the quality of network services is an important factor that affects the intention of online shopping.(Berry Zeithaml, Leonard, 1998) The key factors of customers' evaluation on service quality are summarized as five, which are tangible, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and compassion.The subsequent researches of network service quality are basically based on these five elements.By constructing scale, (Zhao Weihong, Xiong Xiaoming, 2015) pointed out that service quality of network retail includes four dimensions: Environmental quality, process quality, result quality and recovery quality [18].Among them, the environmental quality is composed by the interface accessibility, interface aesthetics, system effectiveness and usefulness of information; process quality is composed by transaction safety, professional service and site response; the result quality is composed by the quality assurance and performance of the shop; and the recovery quality consists of online responsiveness and compensation.Four dimensions could predict customer satisfaction and trust, and can further predict customer loyalty.Guo Zhiqing (2014) put forward that service quality of retailer network could be divided into necessary quality, expected quality, attractive quality, and pointed out that Internet retailers could develop and grow in fierce competition only if they keep necessary quality, enhance expected quality, and increase attractive quality [19].
Based on the above research results, this study considers the reliability, convenience, security and other aspects of the service quality of the network retailers.
2  (1993) believe that the reputation is a whole cognitive judgment of the past behavior of the enterprise [22].Fombrun (1996 and2000) believes that corporate reputation is expressed by the emotional reaction to the enterprise from the consumers, investors, employers and the public [23].Retailer reputation can be an important risk-reducing mechanism in such environments.Assuming that all else is equal, consumers are more likely to buy from an online retailer with better online reputation (Kotha et al., 2001) [24].
We define reputation of online retailer as the degree of consumers' good or bad feeling of online retailer in this paper.

3) Information Quality of Retailer
Information quality refers to the measurement of information, an output of information system (Delone & Mclean, 1992) [25].Information quality of the e-commerce system includes: 1) Completeness; 2) Ease of Understanding; 3) Personalization; 4) Relevance; 5) Security (Delone & Mclean, 2003) [26].It is difficult for people to deal with such overloading information these days.Therefore, it is so critical for online retails to provide high quality information that they can provide convenience for consumers to make decisions.Unlike offline retailing, consumers shopping online cannot touch the product, they can only make purchase decisions based on the information provided by the website, such as the display of products, previous evaluation of consumers, and online interaction with the retailers.Janda believed that everything shown by the website, such as the information quality, will affect the consumer's feelings when consumers browse the website.Visual display of the visual elements of the site, such as color, could beautify the overall appearance of the site and enhance the consumer's pleasant experience.This paper evaluates the information quality of retailer mainly from commodity display, real-time interaction and consumer's evaluation.

Research Model
In the previous literature reviews, TAM has been used by many scholars to study the influence factors of consumer behavior in electronic commerce, and some scholars made some improvements of the TAM in the light of the actual needs of the research.
Therefore, this study also takes the TAM as the basic framework.We carry on certain modifications and supplements of this model with the actual situation of network consumption, and put forward the following model.As shown in the following picture, the independent variables are the three major characteristics of online retailers: credibility, information quality and service quality; the middle variables are three consumer perception: perceived usefulness (PU); perceived ease of use (PEOU) and perceived risks; the dependent variables is consuming intention.The relationship between various variables of the model is shown with the arrow in Figure 1.

1) Characteristics of Online Retailers and Perceived Usefulness
According to the definition of perceived usefulness by Davis (1989), we define perceived usefulness as the degree of consumers' belief of how online shopping will improve the efficiency of shopping or save cost [5].The most prominent advantage of network retailing is its convenience and speed.You can get your favorite products with only some clicks.However, due to the overloading online information, it is difficult to distinguish information that can provide a basis for their decision making.People need to spend a lot of time to collect information before making shopping decisions.Retailers' reputation will affect the consumer's perception of the product information.Mudambi and Schuff (2010) used the theory of information economics to analyze online product reviews, and thought that the depth of reviews can improve the diagnostic power of information [27].When consumers have a positive or negative attitude to some products, but still not decide to buy or give up them, high quality WOM can help consumers classify them.Therefore, consumers can improve the efficiency of purchasing and reduce transaction time and energy cost.Huang and Tsang (2011) analyzed the factors that arouse the ripple effect of WOM from the perspective of e-WOM communication, and pointed out the main factor is perceived quality of information, which has a significant positive correlation with information reception [28].In ELM model, Petty and Cacioppo (1993) put forward that information quality is an important factor to determine the persuasive power [29].Saeed et al. ( 2003) also considers that service quality has impact on perceived usefulness [30].
In conclusion, we put forward the following hypothesis: (H1): Credit degree of online retailers is positively associated with the perceived usefulness of consumers.
(H2): Information quality of online retailers is positively associated with the perceived usefulness of consumers.
(H3): Service quality of online retailers is positively associated with the perceived usefulness of consumers.
2) Characteristics of Online Retailers and Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU) Perceived ease of use is defined as the ease degree to which consumers believe the use of this technology (Davis, 1989) [5].It can be defined as the ease degree with which the consumer considers the operation in the transaction process under network transactions in the B2C environment.Online retailers must ensure consumers to get desired information conveniently and fast, on the premise of providing useful information.
Moreover, they need to provide consulting services in a smooth and quick way.From the daily shopping experience, we can know that high quality information and high quality service contribute greatly to convenient and fast online shopping, and also help consumers solve their problems.Therefore, the perceived ease of use of online shopping is higher.At the same time, retailers with high credit degree can enhance the sense of trust of consumers.Consumers with higher perceived ease of use are more likely to buy.
In conclusion, we put forward the following hypothesis: (H4): Credit degree of online retailers is positively associated with perceived ease of use of consumers.
(H5): Information quality of online retailers is positively associated with perceived ease of use of consumers.
(H6): Service quality of online retailers is positively associated with perceived ease of use of consumers.
3) Characteristics of Online Retailers and Perceived Risks Mitchell (1999) believes that consumers tend to reduce their perceived risk rather than maximize their perceived value when making purchase decisions [31].By empirical studies, Pavlou (2003) confirmed that perceived risks have negative impacts on con-sumer shopping intention [32].Ganeson and Shankar (1994) found that the retailer's reputation is very important in the study of the factors influencing the perceived risks of the retailers.Consumers generally believe that a reputable online retailer can reduce the negative impact caused by the high risk levels contained in the network.The higher service quality the retailers provide, the more likely that consumers feel that the retailer can reduce perceived risks.Many empirical studies suggest that there is a negative correlation between service quality and customer perceived risk.
In conclusion, we put forward the following hypothesis: (H7): Credit degree of online retailers is negatively associated with perceived risk of consumers.
(H8): Information quality of online retailers is negatively associated with perceived risk of consumers.
(H9): Service quality of online retailers is negatively associated with perceived risk of consumers.

4) Perceptions of Consumers and Purchasing Intention
Research shows that if the users feel that they just need relatively little cognitive effort in the process of interacting with the technology, they will be more likely to interact with the technology.Davis put forward that perceived usefulness is the predictors of using behavior when he proposed TAM.Many subsequent studies have found that users' acceptance of information technology is largely driven by perceived usefulness that perceived risk will lead to consumers' negative assessment on the transaction.The more positive the overall assessment of the transaction is, the greater the willingness of online shopping is.Sandra (2003) believed that perceived risk had direct negative effects on the purchase attitude and purchase intention.Nadia (2004) qualitatively studied the relationship between perceived risks and trust level by E-mail interviews.The perceived risks will reduce the level of trust, and also obscure benefits of network shopping reduces the consumer's income.Finally, it lowers consumers' interests.
In conclusion, we put forward the following hypothesis: (H10): Perceived usefulness of consumers is positively associated with purchase intention.
(H11): Perceived ease of use of consumers is positively associated with purchase intention.
(H12): Perceived risks are negatively associated with purchase intention.

Research Design and Sample Description
Data for this study were collected as part of a larger mail survey of consumer percep-tions about Internet shopping.The questionnaire includes two parts.The first part is about basic information, such as gender, grade, education background and so on.The second part investigates 7 factors of the model with a total of 28 items.We created the scale by referring to the related measurement of variables in this study, and then adjusting it to this study.The scales are composed of 4 items of credit degree referring to the scale of (LeBlanc and Nguyen, 2001) [35]; 4 items of information quality referring to (Chae M., Kim J., et al. 2005); 7 items of service quality referring to Zeithaml (2000) and Parasuramanl (2005); 3 items of perceived usefulness referring to L.R. Vijayasarathy (2004); 3 items of perceived ease of use referring to L.R. Vijayasarathy (2004); 4 items of perceived risks referring to Jacoby and Kaplan (1974) [11]; 3 items of purchasing intention referring to L.R. Vijayasarathy (2004) [36].Consumers were investigated by filling out Likert seven-point scale (Please indicate the extent to which you agree with each of the following statements by using the following scale: 1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 = slightly disagree, 4 = neutral, 5 = slightly agree, 6 = agree, 7 = strongly agree).
This study is based on the TAM, and examines the influence of retailer characteristics on the purchasing intention of consumers.Participants were mostly adults working or residing in Zhujiang New Town, a CBD with a population of about 300,000.Questionnaire release time was from July

Reliability and Validity Test
Reliability refers to consistency, stability and reliability of the test results, that is, the extent to which the consistency of the results if we do repeated test.Scholars commonly use Cronbach's α to test reliability, internal consistency.Generally, we think that the reliability is high if Cronbach's α value is higher than 0.7.As shown in Table 1, The Cronbach's α value of all variables are above 0.7, which shows that the scale has good reliability.
We created the scale in this study by referring to mature scale in related literature, and we modified the scale according to the results of experts and case interviews, as well as the characteristics of this study and research objects.Therefore, this scale has a good content validity.From Table 1, we can see that the factor loadings of every item of all variables is greater than 0.6, combined reliability (CR) values are more than 0.7, all the average variation extraction (AVE) are more than 0.5.All the above indicators showed that the measurement scale had good convergent validity.AVE value of credit  perceived risks (p < 0.05); 2) information quality has a significant positive impact on perceived usefulness (p < 0.001) and perceived ease of use (p < 0.001), and a significant negative impact on perceived risk (p = 0.005 < 0.05); 3) service quality has a significant positive impact on perceived usefulness (p < 0.05) and perceived ease of use (p < 0.01), and the impact on the perceived risk is not significant (p < 0.01); 4) perceived usefulness (p < 0.001) and perceived ease of use (p < 0.001) positively influence purchasing intention, perceived risks (p < 0.05) negatively influence purchasing intention.

Discussion and Conclusion
Basing on TAM, we construct the model of how characteristics of online retailers impact on customer purchasing intention.The results show that the information quality and service quality have positive effect on perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use, that is, the higher the quality of information supplied by retailers is, or the higher perceived service quality is, the more usefulness and ease of use consumer perceive.The credit, information quality, and service quality are all negatively impact on perceived risk, that is, the higher the credibility of the retailer, the higher the quality of information provided and the higher the quality service, the lower the risk consumers feel.Credit degree has no significant influence on perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use.Generally speaking, credit degree of online retailers may have impact on consumer choices.However, through the analysis of model data, we found this effect is not reflected in the improvement of purchasing performance.A high credit degree of the network retailers can only mean that their business activities are more formal, and they provide guaranteed products, but does not mean that there is a price advantage or the purchasing efficiency is higher.Furthermore, the evaluation of online consumers on the products may affect the initial impression on online retailers, but consumers do not necessarily be familiar with the shopping website by other consumers' evaluation.Perceived ease of use is mainly affected by skill level of computer use and the experience of network shopping.Perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use positively influence on consumer purchasing intention, but perceived risks negatively influence purchasing intention, that is, the more the provided efficiency and convenience are, the higher the purchase intention is.When perceived risks are lower, the purchase intention is relative higher.
In this paper, we studied the perception of network consumers by dividing it into three aspects: perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and perceived risks.It is proved that credit degree, information quality and service quality have influence on consumer's three kinds of perception.We enrich the previous theoretical research on the consumers' intention of online shopping.Davis (1986) puts forward TAM (Technology Acceptance Model), which is mainly used to predict the adoption of information systems, that is, how perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use influence on the information system.This paper confirmed that this division can also be used to predict the online shopping intention of consumers.And, on this basis, we added a new variable of perceived risks to construct an updated model to study the network consumer's purchasing intention.

1 )
Service Quality of Network Retailer In 2000, Parasuraman et al. defined the quality of electronic services as the extent of how a website can enable customers to efficiently browse, query, and shopping, and how they can distribute products and services conveniently.Zeithaml, Parasuraman, and Malhotra (2002) first proposed the concept of website service quality (E-Service

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.The influencing factors model of network consumption intention under B2C environment.

4.3. Structure Model and Path Test We
used Amos 21.0 to analyze 3.3 structure model and relationship between variables in this study.In this model, absolute fitness index are as follows: χ 2 = 637.675,df = 335,

Table 2 .
Correlation coefficient table matrix between variables.

Table 3 .
Path coefficients and hypothesis verification of theoretical model.