A Different Approach to High-Tc Superconductivity: Indication of Filamentary-Chaotic Conductance and Possible Routes to Room Temperature Superconductivity

The empirical relation of ( ) 4 co c K = 2740 T q between the transition temperature of optimum doped superconductors Tco and the mean cationic charge c q , a physical paradox, can be recast to strongly support fractal theories of high-Tc superconductors, thereby applying the finding that the optimum hole concentration of σo = 0.229 can be linked with the universal fractal constant δ1 = 8.72109... of the renormalized quadratic Hénon map. The transition temperature obviously increases steeply with a domain structure of ever narrower size, characterized by Fibonacci numbers. However, also conventional BCS superconductors can be scaled with δ1, exemplified through the energy gap relation kBTc ≈ 5Δ0/δ1, suggesting a revision of the entire theory of superconductivity. A low mean cationic charge allows the development of a frustrated nano-sized fractal structure of possibly ferroelastic nature delivering nano-channels for very fast charge transport, in common for both high-Tc superconductor and organic-inorganic halide perovskite solar materials. With this backing superconductivity above room temperature can be conceived for synthetic sandwich structures of c q less than 2+. For instance, composites of tenorite and cuprite respectively tenorite and CuI (CuBr, CuCl) onto AuCu alloys are proposed. This specification is suggested by previously described filamentary superconductivity of “bulk” CuO1−x samples. In addition, cesium substitution in the Tl-1223 compound is an option.


Introduction
The recent discovery of conventional superconductivity at the highest until today known transition temperature of 190 K on hydrogen sulfide at a high pressure >150 GPa by Drozdov, Eremets and Troyan (2014) [1] gives rise to discuss again a possible route to superconductivity above room temperature.However, high pressure is not recommended for everyday use.Very recently, the crystal structure of this high pressure modification of H 2 S was solved, indicating an anti-perovskite structure in the sense that SH − represents the A site and 3 SH + the B site of this structure type [2].Below I will suggest a hypothetical anti-perovskite compound that would, if chemically accessible, a highly interesting option for a room temperature superconductor.Some years ago we published an experiment, which indicated filamentary, but not stable superconductivity at 220 K of an oriented multi-phase sample of the Y-Ba-Cu-O system, deposited on a (110)-SrTiO 3 substrate (Schönberger et al., 1991) [3].The uncommon (110) orientation of the substrate surface was chosen to provoke symmetry reduction and ferroelastic domain formation of the deposited thin film phases by strain.We identified the minor compounds BaCuO 2 and CuO, respectively, besides the superconducting main phase YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ .A comparable result with a large resistivity drop at 220 K has been published little earlier by Azzoni et al. (1990) [4] on reduced cupric oxide samples, which showed some red Cu 2 O besides CuO.Later Osipov et al. (2001) [5] deposited Cu films onto cleaned CuO single crystal surfaces and observed at the CuO-Cu interface a giant electric conductivity increase by a factor up to 1.5 × 10 5 even at 300 K. Today it is assumed that the observed rapid drop of the electric resistivity at 220 K and 300 K is caused by superconductivity of oxygen deficient CuO 1−δ filaments [3]- [5].Consequently, this finding has been patented, by others, as ultra-conductor of bundled filaments of copper oxide coated copper wires and foils, respectively [6].
Interestingly, artificial interfaces between insolating perovskites that indicate superconducting response are described in 2007 by Reyen et al. [7].Further, I quote an investigation published recently by Rhim et al. (2015) [8] regarding possible superconductivity via excitonic pairing onto an interfacial structure between CuCl and Si(111), remembering that electronic anomalies in cuprous chloride have been described by Chu et al. [9] long time ago.Both publications encouraged me even more to put earlier ideas about copper oxide composites on record.
A hypothetical BaCuO 2 phase with puckered T-CuO nets, in contrast to planar CuO 2 nets of the BaCuO 2 infinite layer phase, was recently proposed by the present author as an alternative high-T c candidate together with a large cupric oxide cluster compound [10].However, sandwich structures composed of tenorite and cuprite as well as tenorite and CuI respectively CuBr or CuCl are more interesting.Also cesium substitution in the Tl-1223 compound is a route to reach a high transition temperature.The composition for such composites will be passed by the empirical relation of that connects the transition temperature T co of optimum doped superconductors with the mean cationic charge c q [11].Moreover, this paradox relation will be traced back to a physically more accepted basis.Both the theoretical results and the practical suggestions regarding T-CuO nets with twice as many copper atoms as in the CuO 2 nets should envisage physicists to realize a dream of mankind, superconductivity above room temperature.
This work was pre-published in arXiv just as the message about an apparently successful synthesis of a room temperature superconductor (with far withheld information about chemical composition!)astonishing the scientific community [12].Therefore, some results may already be outdated, what I don't hope yet, because nature never puts all eggs in one basket.

Results and Discussion
The most abundant mineral in Earth is MgSiO 3 , a perovskite phase confined to the high pressure region of the Earth mantle, but also discovered in a shocked meteorite and now named bridgmanite [13].The dominance of perovskites and derived phases continues in our technology determined life due to their wide variety of adapted symmetries and the surprising diversity of physical properties such as ferrolectricity, ferroelasticity, supercon-ductivity, ionic conductivity, photocatalytic property and efficient photovoltaic respond, respectively.Some of these properties are mutually dependent.
Beginning with the last mentioned challenge, the development of efficient solar cells, you just witnessed the great progress in organic inorganic halide perovskite solar cells.Their very high solar efficiency is caused by the low cationic charge of c 1.5 , resulting in a low and less confining Madelung potential that favors a smallsized ferroelastic and conductive domain structure with enhanced charge separation and improved carrier lifetime [14].

K = 2740 T q
A less restricted freedom of electronic movement may also be suggested for the family of superconductors related to oxide perovskites.The rise of the transition temperature T co goes inversely proportional with the fourth power of the mean cationic charge c q .Figure 1 depicts c q versus T co , somewhat simplified compared to previous results [11] and now branched into electron (conventional) conductors and hole (unconventional) conductors.The more complicated relation given in the earlier paper was induced by the idea to cover both conventional and unconventional superconductors and by the assumption that a mean cationic charge of 2+ would be a natural crystal-chemical limit.Remarkably, the data summarized in that reference show also exemplarily pnictide-based superconductors.The data given in reference [11] were now supplemented with samples marked with red squares, especially including CuO 1−x as hole conductor (p-type conductivity), and with the result for H 2 S under high pressure as electron conductor (n-type conductivity).The curve for electron transport will be discussed in a forthcoming contribution, especially considering the fractal structure of BCS superconductivity.The magenta colored curve for hole superconductors (Figure 1) is represented by the relation ( ) Surprisingly, c 1.5 q + ≈ emerges as high-T co asymptotic limit.With a successive reduction of the mean cationic charge in direction of c 1.75 q = one would reaches the field of possible room temperature superconductivity.Recently, the author proposed hypothetical compound, a cagy cuprate cluster compound as well as q versus transition temperature T co (K) of optimal doped superconductors (see also [11]).Branch of n-type superconductors blue, p-type ones red.Yellow circle spinel phase superconductor, colored ellipses: composites explained in the text.The n-type branch yields tetragonal BaCuO 2 with puckered T-CuO nets [10].Both compounds could reach a transition temperature around 180 K, if their synthesis with sufficient doping would be successful.The scale factor of Equation ( 1) of s c = 2740 K can intuitively traced back to give where 2 6 4.37538 10 m/s is a universal constant with the dimension of a speed, e the elementary charge, h the Planck constant, v F the Fermi speed, ε the permittivity of the medium, ε o the permittivity of free space, and m e the electron mass, respectively.With ε = 5.04 and an assumed Fermi speed of v F = 2.5 × 10 5 m/s, respectively, the scaling factor agrees well with the fitted parameter of 2740 K.If a higher effective mass of the quasiparticles is chosen, for instance m h ≈ 1.5m e (or m h = φ•m e with φ = 1.61803), then the Fermi velocity has to be reduced correspondingly, as was observed experimentally in the region of optimal doping.With This represents rather the total energy of a system of oscillating charged quasiparticles, dispersed in a medium of permittivity ε, than solely coulomb energy.The dimensionless variable c q , with the fourth power instead of the expected second one (in three dimensions of space), obviously subsumes, beside the cationic charges and the hole concentration, also camouflaged anionic contributions and the effect of steadily increasing permittivity, because the compounds of highest T co are composed of highly polarizable heavy atom ions.How the matter might be, the relation between T co and c q can serve to predict possible critical temperatures solely from charges of a compound.Besides a low cationic charge a high permittivity (indicating certain proximity to phase transitions) may favorable to support high T co .
Some ideas should be passed on that are related to optimum values of the hole concentration found, and to obvious accumulations in certain T co values.Beginning with the value of optimum h + of σ o = 0.229 (or multiples) [15] that is near 3/13 and is attributed to a large group of high-T c superconductors based on Tl or Hg, respectively.Surprisingly, the multiplier, which would give two holes needed to create a pair, emerges as the number 1 8.721 δ = known as a universal scaling constant for two-dimensional maps in the theory of fractal systems or chaotic ones, with the precise value of δ 1 = 8.7210972••• [16] [17].Recently, Savin et al. [18] studied the self-oscillating system of the Van der Pol oscillator [19] subjected to an external force to compensate dissipation.Scaling constants δ 1 (and δ 2 = 2) have been determined as eigenvalues of the matrix containing the existence intervals of two subsequent cycles of the periodic-doubling cascade in the parameterized version of a quadratic Hénon map with renormalized (x, y)-parameters.
The optimum concentration of holes is given per cuprate layer per unit-cell.Maintaining two dimensions along cuprate layers, then two electrons reside in a slab of the extension δ 1 a 2 = πl 2 a 2 .The "domain" extension multiplier is then given by the quotient of Fibonacci numbers ( ) Pnictide superconductors yield an optimum hole concentration of about σ o /4 [15] and can be traced back to δ 1 too.Further, although it is already difficult to identify optimum doping, picking out accumulations in the T co ranking is the more difficult.Nevertheless, one can try it as Mitin [20] has done before, identifying such T co groups with domain widths.This author related the transition temperature T co to assumed zig-zag bosonic stripe domains of width w = η•a that are connected with oxygen interstitials.He obtained ( ) Going a step further, one can associate such T co clumps with Fibonacci numbers f i determining the extension of domains.Possible mixed domain states can be described by the mean of consecutive f i 's.Table 1 compares Mitin's results with my Fibonacci number explanation.The results may give a hint to a possible filamentarychaotic origin of high-T c superconductivity.Using Fibonacci numbers f i one can roughly formulate (see Table 1): Upon substitution of Equation ( 1) into Equation ( 6) one gets Surprisingly, the emerging factor corresponds numerically to the charge of σ o = 0.228 [15].It is remarkable that also the quotient of the Fermi speed chosen (which is near to reality) and the Klitzing speed yields ( ) ( ) With this result one can finally express the energy in different and scale-free forms: Table 1.Dependence of the superconducting transition temperatures T co on the domain width where η represents the rank introduced by Mitin [20],  16 The multiple energy representation is given by the special nesting property of fractals.Resolving the paradox finally leads to the result that high-T c superconductors obey fractal conductance behavior, which is intrinsically accompanied with self-similarity and scale-free characteristics.This finding of possible fractality and self-similarity of high-T c superconductors supports the seminal investigations of Fratini et al. [21] on the fractal organization of oxygen interstitials and the recent contribution of Poccia et al. [22].Later Phillabaum et al. [23] reported on the fractal structure of nanoscale electron lines on the surface of superconductors that spread out in the bulk.In this context I quote also the zig-zag filamentary theory of high-T c superconductors of Phillips [24] [25].
If the domain width lessens, then the ratio of its surface to volume will be enlarged.This ratio is thought to be scaled by the golden mean, ( ) In addition, a large surface may support a certain quality to act as particle detector.
It remains to be emphasized that the energy k B T c of conventional BCS superconductors can also be formulated using an inverse δ 1 scaling applied to the energy gap Δ 0 at T = 0 K [26], giving the relation ( 11) 2Δ 0 is the energy required to break a Cooper pair.The BCS superconducting gap has s-wave symmetry and shows minimal momentum dependence.
Recently, Mushkolaj [27] compared two mutually inverse T c functions related to an elastic atom collision model in contrast to an elastic spring model, respectively, given by ( ) ( ) where ∆ , and M i = atom or electron masses, Δx = distances.However, the picture of colliding point particles should be replaced by nested highly coherent vibrations of most irrational frequency, a superposition of inwardly and outwardly extending spherical quantum waves in the sense of Wollf's conjecture for the electron [28].Indeed, solutions of the rational function ( ) , which may describe competition between both underlying physical processes (Equation ( 12)), would point to chaotic behavior of the excited carriers.Analogously, the most irrational number of the golden mean, ( ) , is related to its inverse by φ − φ −1 = 1, or generalized, by φ i ± φ −i = f i + f i+2 with Fibonacci sequence numbers f i = 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8••• (±: +if i = even else −).This divine number is connected with chaos respectively fractal structures and self-similarity.The transfinite golden mean is most suitable to describe comprehensively our self-similar universe because of the proper connection of that number with its inverse.Philosophically formulated, since the big bang the diverging matter (and energy) is retracted again at the same time by an inverse process.

Playing with Fractal Numbers
Both universal constants δ 1 and the golden mean φ, respectively, can be connected by the approximate relation Using this result, one can approximately express δ 1 as a quite catchy product of three fundamental constants together with a denominator as a product of Fibonacci sequence numbers: ( ) where ( ) represents the inverse of Sommerfeld's dimensionless fine structure constant as given in El Naschie's E-infinity theory [29].However, the experimental value is best reproduced by ( ) something too big when using δ 1 .The number 137 itself is the 33 rd prime number.
The golden mean respectively o α can be applied to mass relations of elementary particles.I will use such relations in chapter 2.3.As an example, the mass of the neutron can be found as [29] ( ) ( ) ( ) The mass ratio of the υ τ particle to the electron yields In this way, the universal Feigenbaum constant δ 1 of the quadratic Hénon map, explained before, is apparently involved in mass relations between elementary lepton particles.

Superconducting Pairing Glue
A majority of high-T c superconducting compounds shows a pronounced deviation from the tetragonal symmetry.This supports the formation of ferroelastic domains with walls as charge carrier sink.If the itinerant holes formed by doping travel to the walls, it results at the first moment a stack of positively charged walls separating insulating regions.The repulsive forces have to keep in balance and may strengthen orthorhombicity.However, when the concentration of holes exceeds a certain limit, then repulsive forces will be reduces by the formation of bosons, confining preformed pairs of holes in one-dimensional bosonic stripes [30].One might expect that lowering of the effective cationic charge in the region between the stripes would favor undulation of the stripes, finally leading to the superconducting state due to their interaction.
However, in which way interstitial oxygen ions could be involved in the pairing scenario?A possible modified exciton pairing mechanism may be as follows.In the vicinity of the large and highly polarizable Ba 2+ ions the oxygen interstitials may show a "chameleon" feature, being once −1 charged and then again −2, respectively.It means that this oxygen atom is able to easily expel or souk a charge carrier.Apical oxygen atoms on the interlayer between cuprate layers and spacer layer can be involved in this process.Just when the apical oxygen atom is displaced towards the Cu center, enough space is provided to create the larger O 1− ion.An exciton may bind a just expelled (hot) hole to form a metastable three-particle-entity that would rapidly decay, leaving a boson and the mediating electron, but could also survive as quantum wave composite and would then be observable.It needs only few electrons to form a cascade of bosons, and the probability it happens is higher than for an exciton-exciton process.The pairing process can take place locally near interstitial oxygen atoms or within the strain field of ferroelastic domain wall sinks, involving strain effect as important too.
When the mass of holes is assumed to be 1.5m e in accordance with experimental results [15], then the mass of a conceived composite particle or quantum wave composite of two holes and an electron would be 4m e .Intuitively, this special mass multiple of an electron can be depicted alternatively by a third power golden mean representation, because The given ideas about fractality of high-T c superconductors and a modified pairing mechanics, respectively, should be considered in a modified and more founded theory.However, despite the undoubtedly achieved great success of research on high-T c superconductivity, the impression is still given that the forest is not seen for the trees.
So other concepts may be chosen to go ahead.For instance, a heretical concept may assume an influence of high-T c superconductivity from the cold.As noticed before, high-T c superconductors may act as extremely effective "particle" detectors.It remains open to be conjectured that a (less divine) ghostly subatomic "particle" could help to overcome teething problems of pairing, so to speak, an interaction from the dark universe to upset physicists.
If such influence would ever be conceivable, then it would clearly lead to a chaotic response, for instance filamentary-chaotic conductance with self-similar characteristic.Furthermore, a scaling of the pairing vigor down the flight of stairs determined by Fibonacci levels (domains) is easy to imagine.
Until then we can work with the auxiliary variable c q as a tool to find candidate systems for superconduc-tivity above room temperature, besides taking care of a high permittivity of the compounds.This is accomplished in the next chapter.

Routes to Superconductivity above Room Temperature
First, the T co versus mean cationic relation will be applied to make progress with known Tl-based superconductors with CuO 2 -based nets.Following this, tenorite-based composites are prospected in detail with twice as many copper atoms per layer.

A Cs-Substituted Tl-1223 Compound
In short, a resume of the crystal-chemistry of Tl-based superconductors will be given.Crystal-chemical data from own structure determinations on Tl-based cuprates were summarized in Table 2 [31]- [33].The reduced electron density found at the Tl position of TlO-double layer compounds is recast in partial occupation by Cu 1+ , and the enhanced value at the Ca position was attributed to a partial Tl 3+ substitution.The Cu 1+ content in the calculated amount was confirmed by electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) on single crystals [34].What happens, if cations such as Hg 2+ or Tl 3+ attain the lower oxidation state with lone electron pairs and associated dipole momentum?The properties of Bi 3+ are dominated by both the space that the lone electron pair needed and the resulting dipole momentum.Therefore, Bi 3+ will be shared in Aurivillius double-layers, triple domains or channels to minimize the dipole momentum.Indeed, only double layer Bi-based superconductors are found.In the case of Hg 1+ two ions join to form 2 2 Hg + with zero resulting dipole momentum, but this was not observed in Hg-based superconductors.If one considers partial replacement of Tl 3+ by Tl 1+ in high-T c superconductors, again one is faced with the effect of the dipole momentum of Tl 1+ , especially if mono-layer compounds such as Tl-1223 are considered.The replacement should be significantly less than halve the Tl content as observed, but may be restricted to the Tl site and not to the Ca site substitution.Because Tl-1223, given as example in Table 3, seemed to be over-doped according to our results, a rescaling was carried out, considering the somewhat reduced Tl bond strength [35] and the site occupation.The site occupation was found little too high, which may be to the higher scattering power of Tl 1+ compared to Tl 3+ .The changes are recently summarized [36].T co = 300 K The complex chemical formula for the homologous series of Tl 3+ -based superconductors may be written as ( ) ( ) TlO mono-layers (space group P4/mmm), m = 2:TlO bi-layers (space group I4/mmm).The space group notation is that of the "averaged" structures.
The hole concentration h + then yields ( ) ( ) Subtracting h + from the total charge of oxygen, taken as O 2− , the total cationic charge results.The mean cationic charge is calculated by division of the number of cations as The amount of lethally toxic Tl 1+ besides Tl 3+ may easily be replaced by the environmentally benign Rb 1+ or Cs 1+ cations of comparable size (Figure 2), if you do not even use the 137 Cs isotope, without alter the charge balance.However, further replacement of Tl 3+ and Ba 2+ , respectively, by these alkali earth cations would reduce the mean cationic charge c q and, according to the Equation ( 1), should enhance T c .Such replacement may be further supported by substitution of some oxygen by group VII anions like F 1− or more polarizable ones such as Br 1− or even I 1− .Fluorine substitution was already successfully applied in Bi-based superconductors [37], andin Hg-based compounds under high pressure with the highest T co known [38] [39].Fluorine substitution causes shrinkage of the lattice parameters and enhances T c to its optimum due to internal "chemical" pressure.In Table 3 some Cs 1+ and F 1− substitutions are proposed assuming the possible adaption of a stable perovskite-related crystal structure.
A Cs-1223 compound of the formula Cs(Cs 1.1 Ba 0.9 )Ca 2 Cu 3 O 5.6 F 3.4 with an optimum hole concentration of h + ≈ 0.7 = 3 × 0.233 and a mean cationic charge of c 1.738 q = could yield a transition temperature near T co = 300 K.The effect of crystal lattice swelling due to large cation substitution may be compensated by a larger permittivity of the compound (see Equation ( 3)).
Recently I proposed an Cs-elpasolite as candidate for solar cell application, namely Cs 2 (Na,Cu,Ag) 1 Bi 1 (I,Br) 6 [14].What would happen by hole doping of such compound, for instance by substitution of I 1− or Br 1− by some O 2− ?A chemical content near Cs 2 (Na,Cu,Ag) 1 Bi 1 (I,Br) 5.4 (O,S) 0.6 looks very interesting, though it shows an optimum h + concentration and would reach a T c ≈ 370 K, counting the formally enhanced oxidation state of Cu or Ag, respectively.Alternative sulfide replacement is considered owing to the well adapted ionic radius near that of I 1− or Br 1− .A vision is that both properties, high solar efficiency and superconductivity, occur together in slightly altered parts of a single compound and can be shared in future.

Nano-Scale Sandwich Structures Based on Tenorite (CuO) Layers
The discovery of multiferroic properties of slightly acentric CuO (tenorite) [40] as well as the formation of elongated rocksalt-type T-CuO thin films onto a (100)-SrTiO 3 substrate [41] has increased immensely the interest in these compounds.At low temperature tenorite undergoes two successive magnetic transitions at T N1 = 213 K and T N2 = 230 K [40] [42].Ferroelectric response is indicated at T c = 230 K together with the development of a spiral-magnetic order and spontaneous electric polarization P s along the b axis.Removing of the glide mirror plane would lead to the acentric point group 2. It is natural to identify the temperature of T N2 = 230 K with the 220 K temperature found for filamentary superconductivity on tenorite samples.However, the intrinsically physical properties and the high permittivity near the phase transition may also support a real superconducting transition, if applied strain would enhance the small concentration of holes that already exists.Notably, the smallest observed Cu-Cu distance of 2.900 Å (Table A1) indicates metallic bonding behavior with the ability to create holes.
In tenorite and T-CuO, respectively, are twice as many copper atoms in the atomic layers compared to the CuO 2 nets, and the copper to copper distances are similar to the oxygen-oxygen distances of about 2.73 Å.Both nets are compared in Figure 3. T-CuO nets should be investigated in detail to unravel their possible suitability as building units for superconductors.Especially (100) oriented composite structures composed of tenorite (CuO), cuprite (Cu 2 O) and metallic AuCu alloy supports will be investigated.In addition, also CuBr or CuI are considered as material using [001] as stack direction.
The monoclinic crystal structure of tenorite is indeed a strongly folded and distorted rocksalt structure formed by unit cell twinning along (010) planes (Figure 4).
Twinning of the rocksalt structure type was first described in the system PbS-Bi 2 S 3 by the present author and may serve as an example for CuO twinning too, although it does not be "chemical" twinning, because contrary to the PbS-Bi 2 S 3 system, the chemical content remains unchanged [43] [44].
Starting with the T-CuO structure, twin-folding to tenorite may be initiated by local Cu 1+ -Cu 3+ charge disproportionation, which would remove the Jahn-Teller distortion of Cu 2+ caused by its d 9 electron configuration [45].Interestingly on this aspect is that the dd-excitations of tenorite, characterized by its UV-VIS spectrum as well as EPR studies, have been interpreted on the basic of a d 2 configuration rather than a d 9 configuration [46].This suggests dimerization of formally 2+ charged Cu pairs, which may actually considered as Cu 1+ -Cu 3+ pairs.Not surprisingly, a very small quantity of Cu 3+ was found as relict in tenorite [47].The few attributed holes order themselves in charge stripes along [100] [48].The hole carriers are obviously sourced out into the (010) twin plane sinks, extending down [100] (see Figure 4).
Turning now to copper oxide composites, room temperature superconductivity is proposed for a composition near 6CuO•Cu 2 O with c 1.75 q ≈ . A (100)-SrTiO 3 substrate may be first coated with an AuCu I thin film, onto which a tenorite layer is deposited along [010], succeeded by a (100)-cuprite layer, and finished by a further tenorite layer in compliance with the stoichiometric specification.The layer sequence may be changed to deposit tenorite between cuprite layers, which can give a distinct result.The [101] direction of tenorite is sought to be oriented parallel to [100] of cuprite.The oxygen atoms on the interface of the tenorite layer will coordinate with copper atoms of the cuprite layer and vice versa (see Figure 5).
An open question is, whether self-doping is possible.If cuprite is considered as reservoir layer, one find short   condition for room temperature critical temperature.Strain may well favor charge disproportionation.One can consider the twin planes, depicted in Figure 6, as domain walls with soaked holes, showing a wall distance of d (002) = 2.5289 Å.Using these geometrical specifications, hole stripes along [100] and domain extension along [001], respectively, then the [010] direction remains as direction for layer by layer deposition of CuO.If tenorite with its monoclinic angle of β = 99.54˚ is deposited with the ac plane onto a tetragonal substrate such as an AuCu alloy, strain can cause multiple twinning along two planes, namely (100) and (001).In this way an incomplete and distorted Penrose-like parquet segment can be formed.In the empty space, corresponding to the acute Penrose tiles, dangling bonds and charge alteration of oxygen, respectively, can easily deliver holes.
Harshman, Fiory and Dow [15] derived another scaling relation to determine the critical temperature of optimum doped superconductors, which exemplarily will be applied to cross check the T co results (Table 4).
The HFD rule gives Identifying the lattice plane spacing d (004) = 1.0674Å of cuprite as the critical length ξ of a "charge reservoir layer", then the HFD rule can be applied.Table 4 summarizes results for specific values chosen, varying the hole concentration and the critical length ξ.
Surprisingly, the mysterious critical temperatures of previous experiments, namely 220 K [3] [4] and about 300 K [5], could be reproduced, thereby explaining their T co ratio of about 2 .Numerically, room temperature superconductivity seems possible, if these specifications can be realized in practice.Notably, only two copperoxygen layers are considered to spend optimum holes.
Alternatively, other orientations of thin film deposition may be tested.For instance, (001)-layers of Au or AuCu can be deposited on a cleaved mica sheet, succeeded by a (111)-oriented cuprite layer (see Figure 4, right).Then tenorite will be deposited with pseudo-hexagonal layers oriented as in Figure 7, followed by another cuprite film.
In this way one avoids that not wanted T-CuO forms at all.Thus, two possible orientations for epitaxial layer growth of copper oxides are indicated as consequence of this modeling: along (010) of tenorite and along (111) of cuprite, respectively.For an elaborated experiment, also tenorite single crystals could be cut in the wanted orientation.Under less controlled conditions, the deposition of (010)-oriented layers likely happens with unfortunate domain extension normal to the film surface.The extremely short filaments would lead to unstable current transport.
Tetragonal CuO (siemonsite), which may initially be formed, is not wanted because of its large layer separation of c = 5.30 Å. Tetragonal CuO should be given the opportunity to collapse into the "dying swan" structure of tenorite by varying the coating thickness.Also paramelaconite, Cu 4 O 3−x , is not considered as superconductor material [50].The data in Table A1 were reported for purpose of completeness.
Finally, attention needs to be given to nano-structures that may be built up from tenorite and CuI (or CuBr, CuCl), respectively.Adequate doping implied, a composition of 2CuO•CuI with a Fibonnaci mean cationic quotient of c 5 3 q = would be able to reach a transition temperature of T c ≈ 355 K.As pursued recently for solar cell application [14], a (111) oriented AuCu alloy support is recommended to deposite (111)-CuI first and then tenorite.
The hypothetical compound BaCuO 2 with puckered T-CuO nets [10] may be deposited onto a (100)-AuCu  , leading to T co ≈ 278 K for the assumed critical temperature.However, the critical length ξ down the "charge reservoir" would be too large to uphold this result by an alternative calculation, using the HFD rule [15].
In conclusion, there are strong arguments for a reappraisal of tenorite-cuprite as well as tenorite-CuI (CuBr, CuCl) sandwich structures as candidates for room temperature superconductivity.

An Anti-Perovskite Option
Based on the recent investigation of the crystal structure of the H 2 S based high-pressure superconductor by Gordon et al. [2] the idea ripened to construct a hypothetical anti-perovskite structure, which would fulfill the conditions of low cationic charge.Many years ago, the present author investigated the monoclinic crystal structure of the ferroic compound Pb 3 GeO 5 and presented it as anti-perovskite structure type, where the large (GeO 4 ) 4− units occupy the A-sites and (OPb 3 ) 4+ the B-site of a perovskite type [51].According to the investigation of Gordon et al. [2] the superconducting H 2 S modification may as well be understood as anti-perovskite with (SH) − occupying the A-site and (SH 3 ) + the B-site, respectively.
The Pb 3 GeO 5 lead germanate is ferroelastic with a pronounced domain structure.Domains can easily be restored in the other orientation states.When hole doping would be possible, nesting of the charge carriers in the ferroelasic domain wall sinks could be proposed.Crystal-chemically interesting would be a composition of (SiO 2 F 2 ) 2− (BrRb 3 ) 2+ with a mean cationic charge of c 1.75 q = , leading to a possible transition temperature of T co ≈ 292 K, if optimal doped.The realization of such compound is doubtful.However, high pressure may be a mean to outsmart limiting factors.

Conclusion
From an empirical relation between the critical temperature T co of optimum doped superconductors and the mean cationic charge c q new insights were obtained, which strongly indicate the fractal character of high-T c superconductivity.The optimum hole concentration of σ o = 0.229 can be linked with the universal fractal constant of δ 1 = 8.72109 characteristic for the renormalized quadratic Hénon map, giving σ o = 2/δ 1 .In addition, the width of superconducting domains is governed by Fibonacci numbers, including mixed domain states (applying the mean of consecutive numbers).Inverse scaling with δ 1 also occurs in the gap relation for conventional superconductors, k B T c (BCS) ≈ 5Δ 0 /δ 1 .Experiment and theory in this field of science may be steered into new paths, in accordance with fractal conductance behavior and the conjecture that superconductivity may come from the cold.There is evidence to favor low c q compounds with high permittivity to reach superconductivity above room temperature.The simple relation ( ) points to compounds around c 1.74 q ≈ to reach this dream.Some compounds are proposed for experiments.Besides Cs 1+ substitution in the known Tl-1223 cuprate, especially composites consisting of multiferroic tenorite and cuprite layers, respectively, were recommended because of previously reported filamentary superconductivity of such composites.Tenorite with twice as many copper atoms in the structural layers compared to CuO 2 -based nets is highly interesting.Cesium is an element of the green future and has already found its way into smart perovskite solar cells.Modeled on the anti-perovskite high-pressure modification of H 2 S, a (SiO 2 F 2 ) 2− (BrRb 3 ) 2+ anti-perovskite may be a further option for high-T c .Once again it should be stressed that a low cationic charge is optimal for both solar cells and superconductors.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Mean cationic charge where h represents the Planck constant, k B the Boltzmann constant, m e the rest mass of the electron, a an ele-mentary length related to neighboring cations, r o = 2.72 Å a string distance along O-O bonds, and the domain extension (rank) η with respect to a, respectively.

H. H. Otto 249
When using the conductance quantum G o = 2e 2 /h = 7.748091 × 10 −5 (S) one can write down the energy as fourth power of the golden mean φ 4 applied to the υ τ lepton mass m(υ τ ) = 15.4214MeV/c 2 gives the mass of the μ lepton: thought experiment suggests the possibility of fractal-based pairing.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Crystal structure of tenorite, projected onto (100).The drawing clearly indicated that the monoclinic structure is actually a twin-folded and distorted rocksalt structure as already proposed in [10].

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Illustration of the oxygen lattice match between tenorite (left) and cuprite (right), both depicted as projections onto (010).The light blue line in the tenorite picture indicates the [101] direction.layer distances between copper layers and oxygen layers of c/4 = 4.2698/4 Å = 1.0674Å, whereas the oxygen distances in cuprite are extreme large (Table2).Cu-Cu bonding and d-orbital holes were observed in cuprite, and the four-coordinated oxygen atom is well 2− charged[49].The copper atoms on the interface of both structures, which are initially 2+ and 1+ charged, respectively, can suffer a formal charge alteration, leading to doping with a sufficient amount of holes.Two processes can deliver holes:1) Cu-Cu metallic bonding Cu 2+ + Cu 2+ → (Cu-Cu) 2+ + 2h + (formally) 2) Charge disproportionation 6CuO•Cu 2 O → Cu 2 O 3 •2CuO•2Cu 2 O → 4CuO•2Cu 2 O + 2h +The composition is chosen to satisfy the c 1.75 q = condition for room temperature critical temperature.Strain may well favor charge disproportionation.One can consider the twin planes, depicted in Figure6, as domain walls with soaked holes, showing a wall distance of d (002) = 2.5289 Å.Using these geometrical specifications, hole stripes along [100] and domain extension along [001], respectively, then the [010] direction remains as direction for layer by layer deposition of CuO.If tenorite with its monoclinic angle of β = 99.54˚ is deposited with the ac plane onto a tetragonal substrate such as an AuCu alloy, strain can cause multiple twinning along two planes, namely (100) and (001).In this way an incomplete and distorted Penrose-like parquet segment can
where h + is the hole carrier concentration, d (Å) the lattice parameter (Cu-Cu distance in the ab plane) and ζ (Å) represents a critical length down the charge reservoir layer, typically the Ba-O distance projected down [001].This distance roughly corresponds to the c-axis coherence length ξ c .Interestingly, with the change from CuO 2 nets to CuO ones the value of d is reduced by a factor of 2 , and correspondingly T co would be enhanced by this factor, if the other parameters remain unchanged.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Two selected orientations of tenorite.Left: Atomic layers perpendicular to [001] with layer spacings of d (004) = 1.2645Å. Right: A tenorite orientation showing pseudo-hexagonal nets as well as atom layers with the lattice plane spacing of d (202) = 1.5803Å perpendicular to the [101] direction (along the paper long side).substrate, itself deposited onto (100)-SrTiO 3 .Cs 1+ substitution for Ba 2+ could deliver holes.The mean cationic charge for a composition of Ba 0.772 Cs 0.228 CuO 2 would yield c 1.772 q =, leading to T co ≈ 278 K for the assumed critical temperature.However, the critical length ξ down the "charge reservoir" would be too large to uphold this result by an alternative calculation, using the HFD rule[15].In conclusion, there are strong arguments for a reappraisal of tenorite-cuprite as well as tenorite-CuI (CuBr, CuCl) sandwich structures as candidates for room temperature superconductivity.

Table 2 .
Calculation of the hole concentration h + , the mean cationic charge c q , and the critical length ζ, using own crystal-chemical data of Tl-based cuprates as examples.

Table 3 .
Calculation exercise of Cs 1+ substitution in the Tl-1223 model compound.The first elected substitution corresponds to the actual Tl-1223 composition, merely with a small amount of Cs 1+ instead of Tl 1+ .

Table 4 .
Rough calculation of

Table A1 .
Crystallographic data and physical properties for copper and copper oxides.
*Calculated from the refractivity index.Θ D Debye temperature, v s sound velocity, ε permittivity, ρ density, T N Neel temperature, E g energy gap.