Modelling of Solar Thermal Power Plant Using Parabolic Trough Collector

The target of the National Solar Mission is to build up India as a worldwide pioneer in solar energy generation. Solar power can be transmitted through grid either from solar photovoltaic or solar thermal technology. As compared to solar photovoltaic, solar thermal installations are less studied, especially regarding energy estimation and performance analysis. For estimating the potential of CSP plants, it is planned to simulate a power plant. We have marginally modified the design of 1 MW operational power plant installed at Gurgaon using Parabolic Trough Collector (PTC) technology. The results are compared with the expected output of Gurgaon power plant and also 50 MW power plant at Rajasthan. Our results have closely matched with a small deviation of 3.1% and 3.6% for Gurgaon and Rajasthan plants, respectively. Our developed model is also validated with 18 different solar power plants in different parts of the world by slightly modifying the parameters according to the plant capacity without changing major changes to the plant design. Difference between our results and the expected energy generation varied from 0.4% to 13.7% with an average deviation of 6.8%. As our results show less than 10% deviation as compared to the actual generation, an attempt has been made here to estimate the potential for the entire nation. For this modelling has been carried out for every grid station of 0.25 ̊ × 0.25 ̊ interval in India. Our results show that annual solar thermal power plant of 1 MWe capacity potential varies from 900 to 2700 MWh. We have also compared our results with previous studies and discussed.

stallations by the near 2022.As of now we have 7.57 GW as installed capacity [1] [2].It is well known that, solar energy is of two types-solar photovoltaic and solar thermal.For generating power from solar thermal power system, the following four technologies are presently being used: 1. Parabolic Trough collector (PTC); 2. Linear Fresnel Reflector (LFR); 3. Dish Sterling; 4. Solar Power Tower [3].Among these technologies, parabolic trough collector is more popular and being used at many locations worldwide.Accordingly, large Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) plants are of PTC technology [4].Global installed CSP had hiked from 355 MW in 2005 to more than 4700 MW in 2015 and it was predicted that the market would increase further in the years to come [5].
Lippke [6] has compared the results of his model with the results of real plant conditions for winter and summer seasons to test the accuracy.It is concluded that the model is inadequate to fully match with actual solar field conditions.Valan and Sornakumar [7] have used a computer simulation program to model the parabolic trough collector with hot water generation system with a well-mixed type storage tank.From the verification of the model with actual generation 6% deviation is obtained.Yadav et al. [8] have examined, analysed and tested the parabolic trough collector with different type of reflectors.They identified aluminium sheet as cost effective material to use as reflector.In Spain, there are three power plants namely Andasol 1, Andasol 2 and Andasol 3 that are being operated using parabolic trough collector technology with a capacity of 50 MW each.The annual peak efficiency of each plant is 28% and average efficiency is 15%.The plants are operating with thermal storage of 7.5 hours using molten salt [9].Price et al. [10] have validated their FLAGSOL model based on Parabolic Trough Collector.The projected performance and actual performance of a 30 MW Solar Energy Generation System (SEGS) plant over a full year of operation is 6%.This is developed by KJC Operating Company at Kramer Junction, California.Purohit [11] et al. evaluate the CSP potential of 2000 GW in north-western India in the available waste land and solar radiation assessment with viability of different technologies with 50 MW capacity of PTC based plant.Similar to our simulation study, earlier workers have also computed for different plants.However, our study is more general and broad based.
Jones et al. [12] created a 30 MW e SEGS VI parabolic trough collector base power plant model in TRNSYS to evaluate the behaviour of solar field and power cycle with 10% difference between model and plant data.The thermodynamic properties data of HTF and steam have reasonably good accuracy.Kolb [13] evaluates the performance of 1 MW e Sugurao solar trough power plant with and without thermal storage using TRNSYS software.He obtaines plant efficiency of 7.8% with 23% capacity factor.It closely matches the actual data of the plant.He observed a peak operating temperature of HTF in Organic Rankine Cycle as 300˚C.Abdelkader et al. [14] have studied technical performance of 30 MW e PTC base power plant in Algerian weather conditions.Using TRNSYS software they got annual average efficiency of solar field and power plant is 40.9% and 12%, respectively with highest power generation of 32 MW e .Abdel et al. [15] developed a model of 30-MW SEGS-VI solar power plant in TRNSYS 17 to measure electric power generation potential of Makkah.The maximum power of 34 MW e is generated with maximum temperature of 375˚C.Reddy and Harinarayana [16] have estimated the solar thermal energy potential in Indiawith1˚ interval in a grid manner.The energy generation ranges from 600 MWh to 2600 MWh annually for parabolic trough technology of 1 MW e capacity plant.The following are the input parameters in their TRNSYS model (Table 1).
The research work on CSP design, installation and monitoring would definitely enhance the growth of solar thermal sector.Because of technical, market and environmental challenges, CSP has not taken off in India Table 1.Input Parameters used in simulation [16].

No Equipment
Input and initial parameters although there is good solar thermal potential.There is no software based model validated with multiple operating parabolic trough power plants that can be useful to estimate the solar thermal potential for different locations.In view of above, our study is planned to construct and develop a standard model using TRNSYS software for forecasting the energy generation of CSP plants.For this purpose, 1 MW Solar Thermal Power Plant near Gurgaon, New Delhi is considered and the plant is modelled with slight modification in the plant design.The simulated model is compared with the existing plants around the world.
TRNSYS is an extremely adaptable graphical software, based on programming environment used to simulate the behaviour of transient systems [17].The main purpose of this software is to assess the performance of thermal and electrical energy system and to model the dynamic system such as traffic flow or biological processes.The main programming window is called simulation studio, where the components from the library are placed and connected with each other by matching the input and output parameters.There is one important tool in the software called control card.Here the simulation time can be customized in terms of days and hours.From this data energy generation for each month can be obtained at a given location.The values for each month for different locations have been gridded, contoured to generate maps using surfer software.After construction of power plant, the results are obtained by running simulation.The results are displayed in graphical or tabular form according to the selection of output.
Surfer is a grid-based graphics program [18].Surfer interpolates irregularly spaced XYZ data into a regularly spaced grid.The Grid command uses an XYZ data file to produce a grid file.The Data command requires data in three columns, one column containing X data, one column containing Y data, and one column containing Z data.The grid is then used to produce different types of maps including contour, vector, wireframe, image, shaded relief, and surface maps.Many gridding and mapping options are available allowing to produce the map that best representation of data.Maps can be displayed and enhanced in Surfer by the addition of boundary information, posting data points, combining several maps, adding drawings, and annotating with text.Post maps and base maps do not use grid files

1 MW Solar Thermal Power Plant Details
It is known that1 MW e solar thermal power plant is installed in the campus of National Institute of Solar Energy (NISE), Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), Government of India (GoI) in Gurgaon at Gwalpaharai (28˚25'N, 77˚09'E), Haryana, India with full support of Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Bombay.It is a research cum demonstration plant.The google earth image of plant is shown in Figure 1.
It is using two technologies, Parabolic Trough Collector (PTC) technology and the Linear Fresnel Reflector (LFR) technology.The installed capacity of PTC field is 3 MW th and LFR field is 2 MW th , for a 1 MW e electric output.The Therminol VP 1 is used as Heat Transfer Fluid (HTF) in PTC field and direct saturated steam is used in LFR field.The buffer thermal storage is used for 30 minutes in the form of pressure vessel (High Temperature vessel).The PTC field provides 393˚C outlet temperature and 13 bar pressure.The block diagram of the power plant is shown in Figure 2. Here, the fluid heated by the PTC field is stored in high temperature tank.By using HTF pump it is pumped to heat exchanger, where it exchanges heat with the water to generate high temperature steam.Later, it is collected in low temperature vessel to store HTF and circulates in solar field.The high temperature steam is directed in the steam turbine to generate the mechanical power and by AC generator it converts into electric power.The exhausted steam from turbine is condensed through condenser and recirculate to generate steam.The LFR field is used to generate saturated steam, which is extracted from the deaerator.The efficiency of PTC field is 43.2% and LFR field is 25.8% with 12% of power unit.The overall plant efficiency is 4.5% [19].

Simulation of the Plant Model in TRNSYS
In our modelling study, the1 MW solar thermal power plant design is changed.This is due to non-availability of LFR field in the user library software.Low temperature and high temperature tanks are used in the plant for buffer storage.We used expansion vessel as a low temperature tank to store and control the HTF flow rate in the solar field.It is worthwhile to simulate the power plant using single technology rather than two technologies for better control.The plant design used in our study is shown in Figure 3     For modelling, we need to provide input parameters such as parabolic trough, super heater, turbine etc.Such parameters used in the simulation are shown in Table 2.
The plant model is constructed in TRNSYS by selecting and matching the input and output parameters as per the design shown in Figure 3 and parameters as shown in Table 2. Description of the Components used in power plant model is given below.
Type 396 trough collector is used as solar field to simulate the power plant.It measures the fluid temperature at the outlet of the collector field.The solar field model needs basic input parameters such as inlet temperature of heat transfer fluid, Direct Normal Insolation (DNI), mass flow rate of the HTF, ambient air temperature wind speed, specific heat of HTF, field area and SCA length of the field.Type 300 of STEC library is used to pump the HTF in solar field from the expansion vessel at required pressure and mass flow rate.It is more important to control the field at outlet temperature of fluid.Another two pumps are used in power cycle to pump the water.A stratified storage tank (type 4a) of uniform heat losses with fixed inlet and outlet are used as an expansion vessel of heat transfer fluid.Heat transfer fluid leaves from economizer's source side outlet and enters the tank from inlet.Fluid density and boiling point of HTF are provided as input parameters to calculate the fluid flow rate in solar field.A counter flow heat exchanger (type 5b) is used for sensible heat exchange as a super heater.Economizer and feed water heater and steam evaporator (type 319) are used for latent heat exchange as evaporator in plant model.The hot (source) and cold (load) side inlet temperature and flow rate calculates the effectiveness of heat exchangers.The fixed value of the overall heat transfer coefficient is given as a design parameter of heat exchanger.The steam turbine is divided into two stages: high pressure (HP) and low pressure (LP).Type 318 component from Rankine sub routine of STEC library is used as HP and LP stage power plant.This turbine stage component calculates the inlet pressure of the turbine stage from the outlet pressure.It estimates the outlet enthalpy from the inlet enthalpy and inlet and outlet pressure using an isentropic efficiency of Rankine cycle.The controlled splitter (type 389) is combined with a HP stage turbine for steam extraction to the feed water heaters.The steam enthalpy and pressure is divided into two flow direction in such a way that outlet enthalpy 1 and 2 are equal to inlet enthalpy.Outlet 1 goes to LP turbine with desired steam pressure and outlet 2 is used for steam extraction to feed water heater with controlling steam, pressure and enthalpy.Type 375 of component library modelled for electric generator connected with HP and LP stage turbine to take electric output from the turbines.The generator efficiency 99% and 2% parasitic electric load are considers the design parameter.Type 383 is a water cooled condenser.The cooled water temperature rises because of the temperature Additionally weather parameters are also given.For this purpose, Meteonorm software is used for generating weather data of the power plant location with TMY2 output [27].The average climate data of temperature from 2000-2009 and radiation from 1991-2010 are considered.These climate parameters are fed into the software to compute solar thermal energy generation.The plant was run and the output is analysed on annual and monthly basis.DNI, heat gain and energy generation are recorded.Month-wise generation data are compared with the actual and expected data of 1 MW Solar Thermal Plant, Gurgaon [19].It is observed that the simulated and expected plant data are closely matching as shown in Figure 7.The procedure is represented for different plants.For example, 50 MW Parabolic Trough Power Plant located at Nokh village (27˚36'5"N, 72˚13'26"E) of Rajasthan state was installed by Godavari Green Energy Limited on 150 hector land area is shown in Figure 5.This plant was started giving power supply in the grid on 5 th June, 2013 as Asia's largest solar thermal power plant.The parameters of our model are changed according to the design of the 50 MW plant such as aperture area of 392,400 m², SCA length of 144 m, heat transfer fluid properties, turbine capacity etc.The energy generation data is compared and the deviation is obtained as −5.1% [28].
In a similar manner, 18 operating CSP power plants worldwide are identified.They are all installed with parabolic trough technology.It is observed that there are changes in the input parameters of components of our power plant simulation such as aperture field area, SCA length, expansion vessel volume, flow rate of HTF, flow rate of steam, fluid specific heat, turbine capacity, generator capacity, steam enthalpy and weather data for corresponding plant location.With these changes, an average deviation for all power plant is calculated.The actual or expected energy generation data are taken from NREL web source for each plant and presented in Table 3 [29].As can be seen from Table 3, our results are closely matching.The deviation in % ranges from 0.5 to 13.9.After gaining confidence on our simulated results with various plants all over the world, we have attempted to generate solar thermal energy generation map for India.Energy generation is estimated for 4691 locations.Sites are chosen at equidistance located at 0.25˚ interval in a grid manner.The generation data are gridded and contoured using Surfer software.

Results and Discussion
The plant model is simulated from 0 to 8760 hours (one year duration) with a time interval of 0.125 hour.For simulation, we can choose any location with weather data.Here we choose weather data of Gurgaon location.
As can be seen, an annual average of 1550 kWh/m 2 /year DNI is received at Gurgaon.The maximum DNI of 175 kWh/m 2 is observed during the month of April (2160 -2880 hours) and the minimum of 73.11 kWh/m 2 is observed in July (4344 -5088 hours).The heat gain from parabolic trough is nearly follows the trend of DNI.In a similar manner it is observed that the trend of generated power has shown the tendency of heat gained from parabolic trough and DNI as shown in Figure 6.Moreover, the simulated CUF (Capacity Utilization Factor) is 20%, whereas the CUF of Delhi plant is 15.6%.For validation, the simulated and expected data of heat gain values from our study and actual energy output for eight months for the power plant presented in Figure 7.The heat gain data is considered for PTC field and compared.The heat gain data between the two are closely matching with the trend and the peak values.It may be observed that the PTC filed is generating heat for almost 12 hours.It is shown that for the months of March and November the heat gain is closely matches with the expected values of heat gain.Here, our simulated data compared with the expected data forecasted by SAM model [19].In four months, the plant was not in operating condition because of low DNI.So, comparison is not shown for those months.
Depending on the generated power and power plant operating hours, month wise comparison between the simulated and the expected energy generation are illustrated in Figure 8.The energy generation is higher during the month of April (238 MWh) because of maximum availability of solar irradiation in summer season.But it is lower in the month of June (122 MWh) due to low irradiance.From this data, the average deviation of −3.1% is obtained.It has some limitation in comparison as LFR field is also used to generate saturated steam.For power output comparisom we changed the area of PTC field in model and normlized with the total area of the solar field of the existing plant.
This means our developed model provides reasonably good output data for the 1 MW Solar Thermal Power Plant.It may be noted that in the above comparison, the simulated data is not compared with actual energy generation data, because this plant is installed for the demonstration purpose.Another reason is the unavailability of actual energy generation data as it is also not connected to evacuation grid of Haryana state.But for our purpose, it is enough to validate the model for a few months.
From, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy Net Exported Power Summary [28], the energy generation data for 50 MW PTC power plant installed by Godavari Green Energy Limited at Nokh village, Rajasthan is considered.However, the data is not available for all the months of the year, may be due to plant shut down and grid failure.For the sake of comparison, the simulated and actual data is compared for 11 months for the years 2013, 2014 and 2015 as shown in Figure 9. From the figure, it can be observed that there is a considerable difference for January and February months for the year 2014 to 2015.The actual energy generation is higher in January, 2015 and February, 2014 and lower in January, 2014 and February, 2015 may be due to weather conditions.In short, the average deviation for all the months is −3.6% between the simulated and actual results.
It can thus be concluded that our power plant model is matured to validate with any existing operational power plant installed by PTC field.A total of 18 parabolic trough power plants are chosen from NREL web source and validated with our model [29].NREL web source provides vital information such as power plant location with geographic coordinates, plant name, plant capacity, HTF fluid details, aperture area of solar field and expected energy generation data.Table 3 provides an average deviation between our model and the expected energy generation values as per the plant information.Overall, the average deviation for all power plants is  11, that north-eastern parts of Jammu and Kashmir, Rajasthan and Gujarat, Kerala and Karnataka, eastern part of Madhya Pradesh, western region of Maharashtra have higher energy generation than other states of India.Other parts of the country have lower to medium range of energy generation as shown in the map.Bihar, Arunachal Pradesh and eastern part of Assam have moderately lower values as compared to other regions but overall solar energy potential in India is very good.In general, the power generation potential over India ranges from 900 MWh to 2700 MWh per year with 1 MW e power plant installed capacity.It may be noted that 1 MW solar PV plant generates lower energy generation as compared to 1 MW solar thermal plant.However, in the present scenario and technology solar PV is cheaper then solar thermal [31].But the land required for CSP plant is almost half of PV plant for 1 MW e installed capacity.In one study, it is represented that the cost of electricity varies from Rs. 8.56 per kWh for Jaisalmer (Rajasthan) and Rs.27.64 per kWh for Dibrugarh (Assam) for PTC technology based on the resource availability [32].However, photovoltaic power cost is very low, Rs. 4.34 per kW has reported in January 2016 [33].The CERC benchmark cost of generation for solar PV stands at Rs.6.86 per kWh, whereas the cost of generation for CSP stands at Rs.12.05 per kWh [34].This indicates more R & D is required in CSP technology to reduce the cost.

Conclusions
By taking a reference of 1 MW solar thermal power plant in Gurgaon that is installed for the demonstration purpose, a model is developed using TRNSYS software.The plant is modified and redesigned using parabolic trough collector technology.Our model is compared with the expected power generation of 1 MW power plant at Gurgaon and 50 MW power plant at Rajasthan.The deviation is small (−3.1%) for 1 MW plant and 50 MW plant (−3.6%).This has motivated to validate our model further with the expected power output of 18 PTC power plants all over the world with the same design.Interestingly, the observed average deviation is −6.8% for all the plants.This confirms that our design is reasonably good and authentic for forecasting solar thermal   potential of any location.The reason for deviation may be due to Meteonorm based weather data which may be different from the actual weather data and also due to minor differences in the plant design from the exact design of a particular plant.After getting confidence on our computation and model validity with actual generation, we have also extended our study at 4691 stations at different locations of India with a station interval of 0.25˚ × 0.25˚ spacing in a grid manner.This has facilitated to prepare maps of monthly and annual energy generation for all the 30 states of India and thus for the whole country.Based on these maps, high and low energy potential districts of each state are tabulated.Our results in the form of maps will form as a basis and served as solar thermal atlas, which is first of its kind in India.However, no claim is made that our maps are final.Further improvement of these maps can be made with new information and new data.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Modified schematic diagram of 1 MW solar thermal power plant using PTC field only.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Power output of electric generator of simulation.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Month wise comparison of simulated heat gain results with expected heat gain results.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8.Comparison of simulated and expected energy generation data along with deviation for 1 MW solar thermal power plant, National Institute of Solar Energy, Haryana.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9.Comparison of simulated and actual energy generation data along with deviation for 50 MW power plant, Rajasthan.

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.(a).Annual solar thermal energy potential map of all states of india per MW [18]; (b).Annual solar thermal energy potential map of all states of India per MW [18].

Figure11.
Figure11.Annual solar thermal energy potential map of India per MW.

Table 2 .
[26]t parameters of 1 MW power plant model[20]-[26].wateroutlettemperature and condensing temperature.Therefore, the condensing pressure only depends on the inlet water temperature that is constant.The type 384 of component describes a mix of water preheater under steady state condition.It works as a preheater.The condensate water flow comes from condenser and the low pressure steam flow from a splitter to preheat feed water under saturated conditions.The steam flow rate is necessary to heat up the inlet flow water and enhances the plant efficiency.The Weather Data Processor component (Type 15-6) function is read the data at regular time intervals from an external weather data file in TMY2 format, interpolate the data (including solar radiation for tilted surfaces) and make it available to other TRNSYS components.The layout of the plant model is shown in Figure4.Red colour line is shown as heat transfer fluid cycle in solar field to heat exchanger and blue colour line shows the steam/water cycle though heat exchanger to steam turbine to condenser.

Table 3 .
Validation of software based plant model with 18 operational power plants with important technical details illustrating the deviation of results for all plants [29].

Table 4 .
State wise energy generation potential.