A Data-Driven Simulation Model for China Haze Monitor and Governance

Recently, the China haze becomes more and more serious, but it is very difficult to model and control it. Here, a data-driven model is introduced for the simulation and monitoring of China haze. First, a multi-dimensional evaluation system is built to evaluate the government performance of China haze. Second, a data-driven model is employed to reveal the operation mechanism of China’s haze and is described as a multi input and multi output system. Third, a prototype system is set up to verify the proposed scheme, and the result provides us with a graphical tool to monitor different haze control strategies.


Introduction
Today China's economy and social life are increasingly suffered from haze and air pollution [1].Evaluation and governance of pollution sources are so complex that involves all kinds of factors [2], including economic production, legislation and law enforcement, cultural and social life, etc.In performance evaluation, PM2.5 index is often used [3].Recent researches on the modelling and governance of China haze can be classified as four aspects as follows.
Above all, by view of weather conditions, it is important to strengthen and optimize urban planning and to reduce the construction of large and high buildings, increase green space and improve the local ecological environment [1] [2].Hence weather law plays an indispensable role in haze control, and a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between urban planning and local climate characteristics is needed.Then corresponding governance strategies include planning and designing an air control system to ventilate the pollutant dispersion.
In the next, by view of enterprise production, it is important to strengthen the cooperation between enterprises to implement energy conservation policies [3].This kind of strategy is helpful to effectively reduce aerosol emissions of industrial gases, agricultural pollution, and traffic emission.General strategies include diminishing the thermal power enterprises, promoting the clean energy transformation, limiting the volatile organic compounds in petrochemical companies, and actively application and development of renewable, efficient, clean, and low-emission energy sources.
Moreover, the explosive growth of private car in China also increases the exhaust emissions of motor vehicle [4].Therefore it is very necessary to improve exhaust emission standards, actively promote hybrid vehicles and new energy vehicles, and greatly develop subway, light rail, electric buses and other green public transport system to effectively reduce vehicle exhaust pollution.
Lastly, legislation is also important to strengthen emission regulatory policies to direct economic development [5].Based on the technical countermeasures of consumption habit, some laws and economic policies are out of date and should be adjusted as more effective long-term control measures.Generally these strengthen measures may be more effective to deal with the haze in the long run.
Additionally haze pollution assessment is a complex decision-making process influenced by many factors, including complex monitor network and a large number of data [6] [7].Hence it is very meaningful to establish and improve the haze dada management system for the prevention and treatment decisions of haze pollution control [8] [9].By visualization in Variable Intensity Computational Environment currently [10], a big data management system can be established with data visualization to support our haze monitor and governance system.
However, these data in haze control are nonlinear and dynamic, can not be easily integrated or described by traditional mathematics model.Today data-driven mode-free control is popular in control engineering with good theoretical foundation, including sensor networks optimization [11], complex process control [12], and the automatic performance improvement [13].It is apparent that data-driven model is an effectively approach to solve this kind of nonlinear system with a high dynamic adaptation, so it may be helpful to employ data-driven model to control China haze.
Here, this paper proposes a data-driven simulation model to monitor the development and government of China haze, and the whole paper is organized as follows.Section 2 introduces a multi-dimensional performance evaluation index system of China haze, and the data-driven model.Then Section 3 illustrates the prototype and experiments.Lastly, some interesting conclusions and future work are indicated in Section 4.

Evaluation of China Haze
In haze governance, there involves all sorts of conflicted factors.But everyone expects a green China, and different roles also need to undertake the responsibility to governance haze together.Apparently, among all roles, the government should bear the most important responsibility because of its dominant role of social manager and regulatory maker for the industrial production and social life.Next, enterprises, especially large enterprises in China can also not be absent in haze governance because they the main emitters of air pollutions, and have to do some good things without doubt.Additionally every citizen is not only a victim in China haze, but also a responsible person to reduce haze, because each citizen is not only the recipient of the environment, but also the resource consumer and polluter.
Then, according to the characteristics of China haze [1]- [6], a six dimensional evaluation index system of haze control is proposed here, including air quality, haze days, pollution source, greening, public health, GDP, and so on.Obviously, the evaluation performance of China haze governance is a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) data-driven model, including government, enterprise, citizen, and six performance indexes.
It is assumed that  ), then the transfer function of China haze control can be written as a vector where where ( ) k ϕ is called as quasi gradient matrix.Hence the evaluation of China haze is a multi-objective evaluation problem, involving all kinds of nonlinear input and output data.There are many practical systems, which are multi-input multi-output, where some systems, such as China haze control system, their input or output variables are strongly coupled and decoupled.This kind of model can not be easily solved by traditional algorithm, so it is necessary to seek a non-decoupling algorithm for haze model of multi-input multi-output nonlinear system.

A Data-Driven Model
As China haze control system is a multi-output, the gradient vector can be presented as a gradient matrix with several single output vectors.Similar to the case of single-output, all haze control data generated by the gradient matrix will form control law of the data-driven model.Then the input-output relationship of China haze can be given as the equation of these vectors, greatly reducing the solving difficulty of control law. Assuming where ( ) There is ( ) ( ) where ( ) D k is often called an advantage sub-square of ( ) , , , Thus the advantaged controlled variables , , , , and output variables , , , , , , After the removal of ( ) ˆ1 y k + from vector ( ) Since every vector in the vector group ( ) ( ) ( )  can be expressed as a linear independent vectors ( ) ( ) ( ) ˆˆ, , , can be given independently.Assuming it is set as


The Equation ( 1) can be further simplified as follows In the formula (11), making 11) can be simplified as In summary, the required control law of data-driven model can be described as follows In which, ( ) represents the desired value of an available separated component of ( ) , ,  is the appropriate parameters, and k λ is the control parameter matrix.

Results and Analysis
According to the referred data above, the initial values of simulation parameters are set as follows.Government profit = 0.8, regulatory cost = 0.2, regulatory probability = 0.8; enterprise profit = 0.3, penalty cost = 0.5, treatment cost = 0.2; citizen profit = 0.6, participation cost = 0.3, not-participated loss = 0.5.The initial simulation stage of China haze control is shown in Figure 1.
As we can see, in Figure 1, at early stage of simulation, the SO 2 is 0.42, NO 2 is 0.51, PM = 0.45; industrial emission is 0.41, traffic emission = 0.32, coal combustion is 0.33; haze days is 0.443, civic health equals to 0.086, GDP was 0.564.The average haze days in the map is 44.38 days, and there are many red circles in the China map meaning bad haze situation.The radar chart in the lower right area can present the six-dimensional evaluation indexes for decision support.In the whole simulation process, all kinds of parameters will change according to the variation of multi input of data-driven model.
When simulation is finished, the results are shown in Figure 2.
From Figure 2, as can be seen, air quality is apparently improved, such as SO 2 is decreased to 0.15, NO 2 is down to 0.15, PM is lower than 0.02, and air quality in radar chart is lessened from 0.347 in Figure 1 to 0.144 in Figure 2. At the same time, several pollutant sources are also diminished, for example, industrial emissions = 0.45, traffic exhaust = 0.21, coal combustion = 0.03, and haze source in radar chart is decreased from 0.232 in Figure 1 to 0.095 in Figure 2. In haze distribution map the average haze days is lessened to 4.473 days, and red area is decreased evidently.Additionally radar chart verifies that the haze control strategy seems to be effective, for example, number of haze days is cut down to 0.044, civic health rises to 0.231, GDP grows to 0.642.
Therefore, it is apparent that to strengthen government governance is effective way to diminish China haze.To comparison, two strategies to strengthen government governance are employed to simulation, where the one is to strengthen legislation and lay enforce, the other is to promote the green energy, as shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4, respectively.
As we can see from Figure 3, legislation strategy may be helpful to haze control, and may produce a certain difference.The average haze source is 0.107, and haze days is 0.017, air quality is 0.149, GDP = 0.670, health = 0.350, and greening = 0.165.From Figure 3, legislation strategy does not affect the industrial production and is helpful to get higher GDP and better greening, though air quality is relative stable with higher GDP according to      4, green energy strategy may be different in different areas and different industrial distribution, and is helpful to get higher health, but is not helpful to higher GDP.
In practice, because China is vast, and industrial development in China is deeply uneven, environmental department and district government in China can select different strategies according to the local characteristics and the difference between different areas and industries.Based on this simulation system, different districts can input different data by its owner and try different governance strategies before its practice to avoid risk and optimize cost.

Conclusion
This paper proposes a data-driven model to describe the China haze governance problem, and analyses the impact of government, enterprises and citizens on China haze control.By data visualization technology, the proposed model can help us select reasonable haze governance strategy to coordinate the complex relationship between government, enterprise and citizen.After modifying the governance parameters, the simulation system can try different haze control strategies and manage more complex data.In future research work, it is important to further analyse the interaction action between different governance processes, dig data value in haze big data with more effective tools, and build intelligent decision support system with artificial intelligence technology in data-driven method, etc.
control variables of the system, and it is obvious that, at different times, intended advantage control variables of the system are different.

D
k can also be gotten.

(
the rest component is noted as ( ) After the rearrange- ment of the order of components ( )

Figure 2 .
Whereas green energy strategy in Figure4may be different from legislation strategy in Figure3.The average haze source is 0.100, and haze days is 0.058, air quality is 0.139, GDP = 0.641, health = 0.273, and

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Experimental results with legislation strategy.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Experimental results with green energy strategy.greening = 0.161.From Figure4, green energy strategy may be different in different areas and different industrial distribution, and is helpful to get higher health, but is not helpful to higher GDP.In practice, because China is vast, and industrial development in China is deeply uneven, environmental department and district government in China can select different strategies according to the local characteristics and the difference between different areas and industries.Based on this simulation system, different districts can input different data by its owner and try different governance strategies before its practice to avoid risk and optimize cost.