Cooling of Granules in Vibrating , Suspended Bed : Engineering Simulation

Here we suggest an algorithm for calculation of the process parameters and design of a vertical cooler with inclined, gas-permeable blades and with a vibrating, suspended layer of granules on them (Vibrating Fluidized Bed—VFB). The algorithm is based on the use of the equations of heat and material balance, taking into account the influx of moisture into the layer with cold air and dust—as a carryover. Mode entrainment of dust particles and moisture from the VFB is described by using empirical formulas and π-theorem. To calculate the cooling time of granules a model of the dynamics of a variable mass VFB was built, which linked the geometrical and physical process parameters to a single dependency. An example showed that mass flow of granules of 248 kg/h and a volume flow of air of 646 m3/h with temperature of 30 ̊C to cool the zeolite granules from 110 ̊C to 42 ̊C for 49 s required a vertical apparatus of rectangular shape with four chambers and with volume of 0.2 m3. A comparative analysis of technological parameters of the projected cooler with the parameters of typical industrial apparatuses showed that for all indicators: the cooling time of granules, the flow rate of gas (air) and the heat flow, a 4-chambered, vertical apparatus of rectangular shape with VFB was the most effective.


Introduction
Currently, a widely used method of materials production in several industries is in the form of granules.The granules come out of the press or granulator at a relatively high temperature of 90˚C -120˚C and must be cooled to 30˚C -50˚C-depending on the season and the geographic position of the enterprise.The temperature and humidity of the granules at the output must be reduced to the limits for the conservation of their properties and persistent storage.For cooling the granules two basic types of coolers are used: refrigerating vertical columns and horizontal conveyor coolers.The former have a preferential distribution [1] [2].Cooling of the granules should be done with cold air so that different-sized granules can be distributed uniformly and cooled to the required temperature.It is also necessary to determine the thermal parameters of air and dust at the exit for further treatment in the air-cyclone.To solve the first problem we used a vertical apparatus (Figure 1) with a vibrating, suspended layer of granules (Vibrating Fluidized Bed-VFB).This unit was used by us previously [3] to dry heat-sensitive materials.In such an apparatus the hot granules fall from the granulator with a predetermined flow rate, initial temperature and initial humidity fall into the chambers of the cooler with gas-permeable, vibrating blades and asymmetrically arranged side entrances of air.Cold air is fed through the blades and side entrances towards the falling granules, forming at the same time the VFB.The layer flows from one chamber of the cooler to another, thereby cooling the granules proceeds in continuous mode.In the apparatus, due to vibrations, there is an intensive heat exchange of granules with a stream of cold air and short-term contact with each other.Dust particles, together with droplets of moisture that are formed, are removed from the apparatus through openings in the side walls of the cooler (Figure 1).The granules are cooled to a final temperature and humidity using parameters set by users.Cooling of the granules in a vibrating fluidized bed is a complicated deterministic and stochastic process with the fluctuations of the basic physical parameters.Various mathematical models of the processes occurring in the fluidized bed can be found in reviews [4]- [6].Various heat and mass transfer correlations for fluidized beds are widely represented in [7].Synchronous vibrations of the blade and the regime of fluidization affect the final temperature and moisture content of granules and any other process parameters of the cooling process.

The Problems of this Report
• Problem 1: An algorithm for calculation and design of the cooler with the vibrating fluidized bed of granules.• Problem 3: Comparatively analyzing the efficacy of the investigational cooler with the typical industrial apparatuses which is used to cool the granules in the fluidized bed.

Heat and Mass Balance Equations
By using the scheme of convective heat transfer [8]- [10], we write the equations of heat and material balances for continuous cooling of the granules in the cooler with the vibrating fluidized bed (Figure 1) in the form of: where , , there , m S α -respectively, heat transfer surface and the heat transfer coefficient from the layer of hot granules to the cooling air.From Equation (1) the formulas for the final temperature f θ and final moisture f ω of cooling granules follows: where , heat loss in the cooler.

Method of Intervals for Calculating of Parameters
To create an algorithm for calculation of the final values , f f θ ω in (3) and determination of the required geo- metry of the device it is advisable to use the method of the intervals, considered in [11].According to this method, parameters f θ and f ω can be represented as finite values of temperature i θ and humidity i ω of the granules at the outlet of the chambers of the cooler, i.e. in the form:

Regime of Fluidization
Mode of fluidization (by the criteria 0 Re m and 0 Ar m ), the velocity g U , and mass flow rate of air g Q , passing through the gas-permeable, perforated blades towards the layer of cooled granules, we determine by empirical relationships, mentioned in [7] [8] [12]: For the pressure drop

Dust-Moisture-Carryover from the Fluidized Bed of Granules
Speed entrainment of dust particles and moisture from the layer of granules dw U we will determine by the empirical formulas [11] [12]: ) We imagine the mass flow of dust and moisture carryover from the layer of granules dw κ as a function of the most important parameters of the process: , , ,  , , , , , , , , Then, using π-theorem [13], function (8) can be converted to criterial dependence of the type: The factor in (9), comprising a heat transfer coefficient m α , is a specific form as shown in (2).Therefore, the calculated formula for dw κ would be: Here av t is the average time of cooling of the layer of hot granules in one chamber of the cooler.

Geometrical and Technological Parameters of the Cooling Process the Granules
For the geometric and technological parameters of the cooling process of the granules we will use a formula similar to that of [8].
The height of the humidified layer of granules on the blade b H and the height of the space occupied by dust and moisture carried away from the bed dw H : The height and volume of chambers of cooler are , s s H τ ; overall height and overall volume of the device are , where v H is the height, occupied by the vibrator, disposed under the shoulder blade (Figure 1).The average mass flow rate of cooling granules / m av Q and the total flow rate of the cooling air entering the device g Q ∑ : The average heat flow av q and the total amount of heat q ∑ , transferred from the hot granules to the cold air during stay in the device The total mass of moisture, introduced into the layer w m , the general dw m and specific dust-moisture carry over from layer dw e during cooling t ∑ : For the relationship of geometrical and physical parameters of the cooling process of granules below we propose a model of a dynamics of the vibrating, suspended bed of variable mass.The model is based on the representation VFB of cooled granules, as a system of material points of variable composition, that move with its center of mass under the influence of external and internal forces (Figure 2).

Dynamics of the Vibrating Fluidized Bed with Variable Mass: Mathematical Model
Consider the layer of granules, located above the perforated blade, and write the differential equation of motion of the mass center VFB in vector form: In equation ( 16) the forces k F are represented by specific formulas: , F F are, respectively, the pressure force of the cooling gas on the layer of granules from the gas-permeable blade and from the input side (if any).

( )
, F F are, respectively, the gravity and buoyancy forces., , F F are the normal reaction of the gas-permeable blade on VFB and the force of friction on the surface of the blade with friction coefficient f. ( ) ( ) is the power of the impact of the vibrator on the gas-permeable blade with the layer of granules on it.
( ) is the resistance force layer granules, which takes into account the interaction of discrete granules with the flow of cold air [8].
( ) is the average volumetric rate of the layer of granules.( ) ( )  ( ) m m t Q t = ⋅ is the variable mass layer of granules on the blade in the cooler chamber.The differential equations of motion of the mass center VFB in projections on the coordinate axes , x z are derived from ( 16) and are presented below.For the axis x-along the lines of movement of the layer (Figure 2): For the axis z: where ( ) From Equation (24) under d 0, 0 d , we find the normal reaction N: Equation ( 23) after the substitution of (25) can be represented in the form of a linear differential equation: Solution of differential Equation ( 26) for the velocity of the center of mass cx V and the coordinate of mass center of layer c x have the form: where is the average speed of movement of the granules along the blade.
From ( 28) we obtain the equation to determine the residence time of the granules in the layer on the blade in a chamber of the cooler c t : ( ) is the proportionality factor, which is dependent on the accuracy of integration of Equation (28).Equation (29) for cooling time of the granules in the cooling chambers c t combines in a simple dependence the geometrical and physical parameters.The value for the time of cooling c t , obtained from the Equation (29), can be compared with the value av t from Equation (11), which uses the initial and averaged data.Below is a procedure-algorithm for calculating a vertical rectangular cooler with VFB of granules (Figure 3).

The Algorithm for Calculating the Cooler with Vibrating Fluidized Bed of Granules
The algorithm is based on the above formulas and is reduced to determining the geometrical and technological parameters of the cooler, which provide the specified mode of cooling the granules and dust-moisture carryover from the VFB.Tables 1-3, referenced in the algorithm, contain the initial data: geometry of permeable to gas, vibrated blade and layer of granules on it; kinematic, heat and mass transfer parameters, involved in the calculations, and the critical parameters-limitations, which are dependent on the requirements by the consumers.One example is cooling of granules of zeolite introduced specific numerical values of design parameters.
Table 4 gives the change cycle of temperature fi θ and humidity of granules fi ω to the required values, allowing definition of the necessary geometry of the cooler.The parameters of the cooling air / fi fi T X X = are determined from tables or I X − diagrams shown, for example, in [14] [15].The physical parameters-, , , , , , , , ω θ are given by formulas: (1), ( 3), ( 4), ( 10), ( 11) and (28).
Table 5 and Table 6 show numerical values of the geometrical and technological parameters of the cooling process the granules of zeolite in the vertical, four -chambers cooler with VFB, selected according to the results of calculation.7 gives the numerical values of the coefficients in Equation (29), designed to determine the residence time of the granules in the cooling chamber.Equation (29) follows from the mathematical model of motion of the layer of granules along the vibrating blade.
Table 8 includes the raw data and critical parameters for comparison of typical industrial coolers with the fluidized bed of granules [1] [3] [16].

Conclusions
In order to implement the given mode of the cooling granules that takes into account dust-moisture carryover, the most effective shape is the vertical device, with a rectangular shape with sloping, gas-permeable blades and with the vibrating fluidized bed of granules on them (Table 9).In the example of cooling the zeolite granules from  4); thus, the cooling time of granules is equal to 0.82 min t ∑ = (Table 5 and Table 9).
The proposed mathematical model of the dynamics of a vibrating, suspended layer, allows us to estimate the effect of geometrical and physical parameters on the time of cooling the granules in the cooling chamber c t .This is accomplished by varying the coefficients ( ) 1, 2, 3 i C i = in Equation (29).In particular, the time c t de- cisively influences the coefficients 1 3 , C C , associated with the mass flows , av av m dw Q κ and vibration parameters , k A (Table 7).
A comparative analysis of the technological parameters of the study device (Figure 1) and typical representatives of industrial devices (Table 8 and Table 9) was made.It was found that by all most important process parameters: the cooling time 0.82 min t ∑ = , the specific flow rate of air and heat flow: The proposed algorithm for calculation of coolers with the VFB is based on the joint use of the equations of heat and mass balances (1) and the mathematical model of dynamics of a vibrating fluidized bed (Equation (16) and Equation (29)).
The algorithm takes into account the massive influx of moisture into the layer of granules w κ and mass flow of dust and moisture from the layer dw κ and makes it possible to solve design problems of cooling heat-stable and thermally unstable materials.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Cooler of granules with vibrating fluidized bed.

Figure 1 ).
outlet from the enter layer of granules, and between additional side entries into the bed, Taking into account the permeability gr K and porosity gr ε of grid of blades we have: taking into account the rheological properties of the granules.
reactive power", that depends on the mass flow of dust and moisture, carried away from the bed of granules dw κ , speed entrainment particles of dust and moisturedw g U U ≤and speed of the center of mass of the layer c V .

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Dynamics of the vibrating fluidized bed with variable mass.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3.The algorithm for calculating the geometrical and technological parameters of a vertical cooler with a vibrating, fluidized bed of granules.

Figure 1 )
with the vibrating, and suspended bed of granules were the most effective.

•
Problem 2: Determining the number of cooling chambers n and technological parameters which ensure cooling hot granules with a predetermined flow rate d Q , from initial temperature 0 f θ and f ω by a mass influx of moisture into the layer w κ and the mass flow of dust and moisture from the layer (dust-moisture-carryover) dw κ .

Table 1 .
Geometrical parameters used in the algorithm.

Table 2 .
Physical parameters used in the algorithm.

Table 3 .
Critical parameters-limitations used in the algorithm.

Table 4 .
Cycle in temperature fi θ and humidity fi ω of cooled granules.

Table 5 .
The process parameters for cooling granules.

Table 6 .
The geometrical parameters of the cooling process the granules.

Table 7 .
The residence time of the granules in the cooling chamber.

Table 8 .
Baseline and critical values for comparison of the coolers with the fluidized bed of granules.

Table 9
shows the comparative characteristics of the tested vertical, four-chamber device and typical industrial coolers with the fluidized bed of granules (Type 1 and Type 2, Table8).For comparison, it has taken critical process parameters of the cooling process, such as:

Table 9 .
Process parameters for comparison of the coolers with the fluidized bed of granules.