Research on Professional Quality Training and Occupation Adaptability of Higher Vocational Students Majoring in Economic Management

In order to realize the docking of students’ professional quality training and enterprise occupation adaptability, we research on graduates’ employment, professional quality and enterprises demand of a higher vocational college in Wuhan. Based on the data, we analyze existing problems of the students’ professional quality training and occupation adaptability and put forward suggestions for further reform of the talent training scheme.


Introduction
In recent years, China's higher vocational education adheres to school policy which regards service as the tenet, employment as the guidance and the principle of industry-academy-research cooperation through exploration and practice such as opening vocational education resources, deepening the university-enterprise cooperation, constantly improving the breadth and depth of social services; higher vocational education is more and more close to law of education; features and advantages are gradually revealed (Wen, 2016).Data from the third survey organization we entrust show that in 2014, the vast majority of China's higher vocational college graduates employment rate is higher than that of the graduates from ordinary undergraduate colleges and universities.Although higher vocational graduate's employment rate and the average salary have risen in the past three years, there exist no difficult employment problems, but are qualified vocational graduates qualified professionals?Can they meet the requirements of enterprises?

Situation of Student's Employment and Enterprise Talent Demand
In order to understand employment situation of graduates majoring in economic management from higher vocational colleges and professional talent demand situation of enterprises and to see whether there is balance between talent supply and demand (Xiang, 2010).We first research on student's employment occupation group and job satisfaction, at the same time; we also research on enterprise occupation setting and talent needs of enterprises.
According to the survey, students' employment has the highest percentage of jobs in financing, finance and marketing, but also involves the planning, human resources, warehouse, secretarial and administrative, production and other positions; the specific distribution is shown in Table 1 as follows.
Based on the survey of enterprises and Figure 1, we know that enterprises set up administration positions including financing, finance, human resources, marketing, planning, administration, warehouse and clerical positions, thus we can preliminary know that the graduates employment and economic management job setting of enterprise is consistent, as long as the enterprise set up post, there are graduates in related employment (Fu & Sheng, 2010).In graduate employment type, private enterprises are in the majority, through the analysis, we know that higher vocational students are high-skilled talents, and fresh graduates who lack practical experience, relying on more smaller private enterprises, and this is also confirmed in enterprise survey, 80% of enterprise  surveyed are below 100 people, which also suggests that graduates employment are small and medium-sized enterprises.
In addition, job satisfaction of graduate show that only 43% of the graduates in employment show that they are very satisfied, and half of all graduates show their average satisfaction and even no satisfaction.As for talent demand survey of enterprise, 70% of the enterprises in the next three years demand talents of administration, 35% of which need more than 10 people, 22% of which need between 5 -10 people, 20% of which need less than 5 people, under the large base of small and medium-sized enterprises, the talent demand is still very strong.According to what has been said above, on the one hand, graduates haven't found a satisfactory job, on the other hand, talent demand of enterprises is far from satisfied.Above all, school policy which is to cultivate applied talents for small and medium-sized enterprises is clear and the goal occupation group setting is consistent with market demand, but under such circumstance, talent training effect is not ideal enough, there is a certain gap between talent supply and demand of enterprise.

The Ability Training of Students and Enterprise Occupation Requirements
In order to understand the situation between student ability training and enterprise occupation requirement adaptability, we first classify ability of students, respectively, professional skills, social skills and learning ability (Jin & Xing, 2012).Professional skills refer to the methods and means of employees in a specific job; Social ability is comprehensive ability in the process of work to understand society, adapt to the society and deal with problems; learning ability refers to ability in the process of work to update knowledge, adapt to environmental changes and meet the career development.Our questionnaire focuses on the above 3 abilities.
1) Professional adaptability Professional skill is divided into professional skill and general skill, professional skills refers to special pro-cessing methods and professional judgment ability (Ding, 2013).Professional skill of each position is different, such as accounting treatment ability of accounting, marketing skills of sales, etc.It is not easy for enterprise to directly understand the candidate's professional skill levels in the recruitment process in short time, thus, they will consider professional qualification certificate, vocational skill competitions and work experience.We also survey students and enterprises.According to our survey, we know that almost all enterprises in selecting fresh graduates will give priority to graduates with professional qualification certificate, 85% of the enterprises need required qualifications, 35% of the enterprises required junior qualifications and 8% of enterprises required intermediate qualifications.According to the statistics of students, rate of qualifications is 81%, rate of primary qualifications is 32%, rate of intermediate and above qualifications is 0. Therefore, we must strengthen the student's training to achieve a higher level of certification.As for skills competition, the enterprise also showed more attention to graduates who participated in the vocational skills competition, 85% of companies take a fancy to students in vocational skills competitions, the higher the level of competition and the higher recognition.Award rate of students at national skills contest was 3%, provincial skills competition award rate was 10%, school skills competition award rate was 30%, however, still less students can directly benefit from competitions.
As for survey of work experience, only 10% of enterprises has no request, 22% of enterprises require minimum 1 year work experience, 28% of enterprises require two-year work experience, as much as 40% of enterprises requires three years and above working experience, and our graduates at most have a few months of part-time and work experience, thus gap between students from the requirement of enterprises is bigger, but 1 -3 years of working experience can also be interpreted as a disguised form to applicant ability of rapid job requirements, as a fresh graduates, though it is hard to have long work experience, but this rapid mount guard adaptability can be cultured in the learning process.Therefore, the school must focus on training students with corresponding occupation; make the graduates able to work at his position.General skill is essential skill in the work but is not directly related to professional knowledge, such as computer operation skill, language and foreign language skill, etc. From general skills survey, enterprise demand for several indicators is balanced, 24% of students show their in-confidence in foreign language, 31% of students show their no interest in economic practical writing.In order to gain general ability, specialized courses are for students at colleges, but most students' application ability is weak in general skills.The above are shown as Table 2 and Table 3. 2) Social adaptability Questionnaire subdivide social ability to eight indicators as communication ability, teamwork ability, decision analysis ability, executive ability, social cognition ability, compressive ability, time management skill, and  vocational values (Huo & Ren, 2014).These 8 variables are summarized by face-to-face interviews with people from enterprises we research on.Enterprises are required to choose the most important ability they focus, students are required to choose their ability, the results of the survey is shown in Figure 2. We can see from the diagram, the students' ability in all of the projects have gap with the requirements of the enterprise, of which the compressive ability, decision analysis ability, social cognitive ability and vocational values gap is more obvious.
3) Learning adaptability Learning ability is subdivided into knowledge desire, Information acquisition ability; knowledge migration ability and logical thinking ability, as for learning ability, enterprises mainly take a fancy to candidate's learning attitude, namely, knowledge desire, followed by other abilities (Research Team, 2010).Students showed a higher confidence in the ability to learn, in order to adapt to the need of society after graduation, generally have modest learning attitudes and thirst for knowledge, and after school training, also have strong ability of selfstudy.So the learning ability of students and the needs of the enterprises showed better adaptability.

The Problems and Suggestions
With the rapid development of our economy, the changing of industrial structure and widely used of science and technology in the production, the social demand for applied talents majoring in economic management increases (Sun, 2013).In order to realize better and faster development of the Wuhan city circle, regional financial center in Wuhan must be built, which requires professional talent training of students majoring in economic management of higher vocational colleges must be linked to the regional economic development to meet the requirements of enterprise.

Talent Training Scheme Should Be Further Improved Because There Exists Gap between Student's Cultivation and Enterprise Demand
Based on positioning to cultivate applied talents with many skills for small and medium-sized enterprise, we should perfect the talent training scheme in details, course system should focus on promoting the development of a series of student ability; the teaching method should be reformed in the process of teaching to cultivate various ability of students; At the same time we should make students clear their own professional orientation, encourage students to start from the basic work to realize professional development.

There Exists a Gap between Professional Skills and Job Requirements of the Students; We Should Improve Students' Professional Skills through Double Certificate Training, Skill Competitions, Training and Practice
We should guide the students to do early career planning and focus on encouraging students to get higher vocational certificate; Provide students with a broader platform for the skills competition to exercise students and let more students have the opportunity to participate in; to strengthen the simulation training and practice, make students have the ability to quickly adapt to the job; Pay attention to the cultivation of the students' general ability and take computer application, language expression into consideration in professional teaching.

There Exists a Gap between Social Ability and Job Requirements of the Students, We Should Promote Students' Comprehensive Ability and Strengthen Students' Psychological Health Education
Comprehensive ability cannot rely on specialized courses and it should be focused on through the talent training, such as to cultivate the students' decision-making ability, analysis ability in specialty courses; to cultivate the students' team spirit, work timeliness in the practice; to cultivate the students' ability of compression in the professional competition and professional certificates; to cultivate the students' ability of social cognition in the club activities, etc., in short, social ability should be decomposed and integrated into the curriculum system.

A Reasonable Evaluation System of Skilled Talents Should Be Built
The construction of high-skilled talent team of long-term planning (2010-2020), pointed out that we should gradually establish evaluation system of high-skilled talents which regards professional ability as the guidance, focus on the work performance, professional ethics and professional knowledge, which means that the core content of evaluation of skilled talents of higher vocational colleges consist in moral, intellectual, ability and performance.
Combing cultivation object of higher vocational colleges, four-element-structure model of performance evaluation of high-skilled talents training in higher vocational colleges should be constructed from quality, knowledge, skill and performance.

Learning Ability of Students Should Be Strengthened
Finally, students' learning ability should be strengthened in order to make the students who graduate have selfstudy ability and self-improvement ability, which will enable students to gain a better career development and lifelong benefit.

Table 1 .
Employment occupation of graduates majoring in economic management.

Table 2 .
Requirement for working experience.