Deep-Sea Cobalt Crusts Water Jet Cutting Ability

Deep-sea cobalt crusts water jet cutting method is proposed to avoid cutter impact load. With simulation calculations and experimental tests, water jet system parameters and its cutting ability were studied. Simulation results show that working pressure, ejection range and ejection angle of water jet system are main parameters of its cutting ability. Its important degree is in turn the working pressure, ejection range and ejection angle. Increasing water jet system working pressure is the most effective way to improve its cutting ability. When water jet working pressure is constant, in order to improve its cutting ability, the ejection range should be less than 4mm (four times of nozzle diameter) and the ejection angle should be about 13 ̊. Experimental results show that there is a threshold pressure during water jet cutting cobalt crusts simulation material. With the increase of water jet working pressure, its cutting ability increases dramatically. With the increasing of water jet ejection range, its cutting ability decreases sharply. The optimal ejection angle is about 13 ̊.


Introduction
As land mineral resources are being exhausted, many countries are paying attention to deep-sea resources development and utilization.Deep-sea cobalt crusts are metal minerals, which is located in sea mountain [1].Deep-sea cobalt crusts are rich in rare metals Co and Pt.It is widely considered as one of the most attractive ocean floor mineral resources.Considering economic value and strategic significance of deep-sea cobalt crusts resources, exploitation techniques of cobalt crusts resources are studied widely.One research direction is about cobalt crusts resources cutting method [2][3][4].Spiral drum cut teeth cutting is seen as an effective cobalt crusts cutting method.In order to improve cutting efficiency, cobalt crusts vibration cutting method is proposed in reference [5], an eccentric mechanism is amounted in spiral drum.When spiral drum rotates, an additional vibration cutting force is generated and the cutting efficiency is increased.
In a real deep-sea cobalt crusts mining system, high cutting efficiency is important, but safety of mining system is more important.Impact load and vibration of spiral drum are inevitable when cutter cutting deep-sea cobalt crusts.Excessive impact load may lead to the dumping of mining vehicle is proposed in reference [6].Deep- sea cobalt crusts water jet cutting method is proposed in this paper to decrease impact load of cutter.

Water Jet Cutting Method
In order to improve the safety of mining system, high pressure water jet is used to cutting cobalt crusts.The schematic of water jet cutting deep-sea cobalt is shown in Figure 1, nozzle is used to generate high pressure water jet.Hitting power is generated on the surface of cobalt crusts when high speed jet impacts with cobalt crusts.Compressive stress and shear stress are generated in the inner of cobalt crusts when hitting power is working on cobalt crusts.Initial crack is formed when compressive stress is greater than compressive strength or shear stress is greater than shear strength.After the forming of initial crack, water jet is infiltrated into the crack and the cutting speed is accelerated.The reaction force created by water jet is minor.So water jet cutting cobalt crusts can avoid impact load more effectively compared with cutter cutting cobalt crust alone.
From the work principle of water jet cutting cobalt crusts, it shows that working pressure, ejection range and ejection angle are three key parameters of water jet cutting system.Theoretically, jet cutting ability is proportional to the working pressure.The working pressure of an actual water jet system is always restricted to equipment costs and the maximum output pressure of pressure booster.So the working pressure of water jet system doesn't need very high considering the system cost.Experimental tests show that water jet working pressure must be greater than cobalt crusts compressive strength in order to realize effective cobalt crusts cutting.As for the cutting of cobalt crusts simulation materials, water jet system working pressure of 5 -10MPa is suitable [6].
In order to study the relationship between water jet system parameters and its cutting ability, simulation calculations and experimental tests are carried out.

Simulation Research
Simulation calculation is carried out to obtain the relationship between water jet system parameters and its cutting ability.At first, the relationship between ejection range and its cutting ability is simulated.The simulation model is shown in Figure 2, the working pressure of water jet is constant, h is distance between water jet and cobalt crusts, ejection range variation is simulated with h variation.The simulation software is FLUENT [7].Simulation parameters are as follows: water jet inlet velocity is 100 m/s, nozzle diameter is 1 mm, ejection range is 1 mm -11 mm。 Figure 3 is water jet velocity simulation results when ejection range is 3 mm, which shows that water jet collide cobalt crusts surface after perpendicular incoming and water jet velocity direction changes from vertical direction into horizontal direction.Water jet generates water pressure on cobalt crusts surface, shear stress and hitting power.
Water jet cutting ability is decided by maximum water pressure, maximum shear stress and maximum hitting power.water pressure, maximum shear stress and maximum water jet hitting power while water jet cutting cobalt crusts under different ejection range.It can be seen from Figure 4 that with the increasing of ejection range, maximum water pressure is decreased sharply when ejection range changes from 1 mm to 4 mm.When ejection range is greater than 4 mm, the maximum water pressure is almost in steady status.It can be seen from Figure 5 that maximum shear stress is decreased with ejection range increasing.When ejection range is increased from 1 mm -5 mm, maximum shear stress ran-Copyright © 2011 SciRes.GM  geability is small.When ejection range is greater than 5 mm, maximum shear stress decreasing velocity is accelerated.It can be seen from Figure 6 that with the increasing of ejection range, maximum water jet hitting power is decreased sharply while ejection range is increased from 1 mm -2 mm.When ejection range is greater than 3 mm, the maximum hitting power is almost in steady status.Simulation results show that ejection range is a key parameter to water jet cutting ability, with the increasing of ejection range, water jet cutting ability is decreased sharply, the optimal ejection range of water jet system is 1 mm-4 mm (four times of nozzle diameter).
At last, water jet ejection angle with its cutting ability is simulated.The simulation model is shown in Figure 7, the working pressure and ejection angle of water jet are constant, and ejection angle variation is simulated incidence angle θ variation.Simulation parameters are as follows: water jet inlet velocity is 100 m/s, ejection range h = 5 mm, ejection angle θ is 0˚ -30˚.
Figure 8 is water jet velocity simulation results while ejection angle θ = 13˚, which shows that water jet collide cobalt crusts surface after oblique incoming and water jet velocity direction changes from vertical direction into horizontal direction.There is obvious velocity variance in horizontal water jet.
Figures 9-11 are simulation curves of maxi-mum water pressure, maximum shear stress and maxi-mum water jet hitting power while water jet cutting co-balt crusts under different ejection angle.It can be seen from   Figure 9 that with the increasing of ejection angle, maximum water pressure is increased at first and then decreased while ejection angle θ is 0˚ -20˚, which shows that there is a optimal ejection angle to generate maximum water pressure.And the optimal ejection angle is about 13˚ as shown in Figure 9.It can be seen from Figure 10 that with the increasing of ejection angle, maximum shear stress is decreased.When ejection angle is very small, maximum shear stress is big.When ejection angle is 10˚ -20˚, maximum shear stress is almost the same.It can be seen from Figure 11 that with the increasing of ejection angle, maximum hitting power is ecreased sharply.d  Simulation results show that ejection angle is a key parameter to water jet cutting ability, but it is smaller than ejection range.There is an optimal ejection angle to ensure water jet with better comprehensive cutting ability.The optimal ejection angle is about 13˚.
The simulation results are as follows: working pressure, ejection range and ejection angle of water jet system are main parameters to its cutting ability.Its important degree is in turn the working pressure, ejection range and ejection angle.To increase water jet system working pressure is the most effective way to improve its cutting ability.When working pressure is constant, ejection range should be less than 4 mm (four times of nozzle diameter) and ejection angle should be about 13˚ so as to obtain best cutting ability.

Experimental Tests
Water jet cutting cobalt crusts tests were carried out to validate simulation results.It is difficult to obtain deepsea cobalt crusts sample.So cobalt crusts simulation material is used to replace deep-sea cobalt crusts.Cobalt crusts simulation material is composed of sand, lime and gypsum with a certain proportion [8].Cobalt crusts simulation material performance parameters are as follows: thickness is 20 mm, compressive strength is 2 MPa -4 MPa, tensile strength is 0.1 MPa -0.2 MPa.Nozzle diameter is 1mm.Water jet cutting ability is measured by measuring the depth of cutting hole.
Experiments of water jet working pressure and its cutting ability were carried out at first.The experiment conditions are as follows: working pressure is 3 MPa, 5 MPa, 7 MPa, 9 MPa, 11 MPa and 15 MPa respectively.Under each pressure rating, water jet cutting experiment is repeated by 5 times.The average value of hole depth is consider as cutting depth under this pressure rating.
Table 1 is water jet cutting cobalt crusts simulation material experimental measurements under different working pressure.It can be seen from Table 1 that water jet can't cut cobalt crusts simulation material when water pressure is 3 MPa.There is a threshold pressure 5 MPa during water jet cutting cobalt crusts simulation material.When water jet working pressure is less than 5 MPa, water jet can't cut cobalt crusts simulation materials.When water jet pressure is greater than 5 MPa, with the increasing of water jet pressure, water jet cutting ability is increased quickly.
Experiments of water jet ejection range and its cutting ability were carried out at second.The experiment conditions are as follows: working pressure is 11 MPa, ejection range is 5 mm, 10 mm, 15 mm and 20 mm respectively.Under each ejection range, water jet cutting experiment is repeated by 5 times.The average value of hole depth is consider as cutting depth under this pressure rating.At last, experiments on water jet ejection angle and its cutting ability were carried out.The experiment conditions are as follows: working pressure is 5MPa, ejection range is 2 mm, ejection angle is 0˚, 13˚ and 30˚ respecttively.Under each ejection angle, water jet cutting experiment is repeated by 5 times.The average value of hole diameter is consider as cutting diameter under this pressure rating.
Table 3 is water jet cutting cobalt crusts simulation material experimental measurements under different ejection angle.It can be seen from Table 3 that water jet cutting ability is best when ejection angle is 13˚.

Conclusions
With simulation calculations and experimental tests, the relationship between water jet system parameters and its cutting ability are obtained.
Simulation results coincide with experimental results, which show that the simulation model is feasible.
Working pressure, ejection range and ejection angle of water jet system are three main parameters to its cutting ability.Its important degree is in turn the working pressure, ejection range and ejection angle.In real cutting system, the optimal ejection range is less than 4 mm and ejection angle is about 13˚.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.The schematic of water jet cutting cobalt crusts.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Water jet cutting simulation model vs ejection range.
Figures 4-6 are simulation curves of maximum

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Maximum water pressure vs ejection range.

Table 2
is water jet cutting cobalt crusts simulation material experimental measurements under different ejection range.It can be seen from Table2that water jet can breakdown cobalt crusts simulation material when jection range is 5 mm.When ejection range is 10 mm, e