Problems with Translational Invarianceof Three-Particle Systems

A new method for calculation of non-relativistic energy spectrum of Coulomb three-body systems with two identical particles has been developed. The novelty of the method is the introduction of an expansion of the wave function on harmonic oscillator (HO) functions with different sizes in the Jacobi coordinates instead of only one unique size parameter in the traditional approach. The method presented obeys the principles of antisymmetry and translational invariance. The theoretical formulation has been illustrated by evaluation of ground state energies of a number of Coulomb three-body systems with two identical particles for zero HO excitation energy. The analytical solution of this problem in case of only one size parameter has been derived. The obtained results show significant advantage of the base with different sizes over the traditional approach for investigation of the bound state problem of quantum systems.


Introduction
Obviously, the theoretical description of quantum systems should obey the principles of antisymmetry and translational invariance.Taking into account the principle of translational invariance is especially important for a few body systems.However, it is well known that this approach has to cope with the formidable calculation difficulties.A description of the many-particle wave functions in terms of the intrinsic (Jacobi) coordinates turns out to be unfeasible because of the antisymmetrization requirements of the Pauli principle.As a consequence, the best-known methods for an atoms and molecules description, such as the Shell Model or the Hartree-Fock Self-Consistent Field Method [1], are employing only the non-translationally invariant wave-functions that are constructed by antisymmetrization procedure in single particle variables.Since electron and nuclei masses ratio is approximately equal to 10 −4 , this certainly restricts the precision of such kind of calculations.The problem is even more severe in atomic nuclei and hadrons calculations where neglecting of translational invariance will produce the unacceptable error of order 1/A, where A is baryon charge of corresponding nucleus.On the other hand, the methods that consistently line the principles of antisymmetrization and translational invariance are not yet able to perform calculations for systems with larger particle number.The well known representatives of these kinds of methods are based on the Faddeev [2], Faddeev-Jakubovsky [3], and functional-differential equations [4] or on the expansions in a large basis of harmonic oscillator functions (HO) [5]- [11].So, the further progress in theoretical description of many-particle quantum systems should be supported by revision of traditional and development of new significantly more effective calculation methods.It should be pointed that there exist a wide variety of the methods that start with antisymmetrization in single particle variables and only then project out the excited states of the centrum of mass motion, thus ensuring the translational invariance of the calculations (see, e.g., [12] and references therein).However, this approach may cope with enormous technical problems since the projection procedure should be performed in very large single particle bases even for systems with small number of particles.This problem can be solved only by using the HO basis which is known of its exceptional property to ensure translational invariance in finite subspaces (i.e.complete Nℏω spaces) formed with transition to intrinsic coordinates.The distinct advantage of intrinsic coordinates is that they may be introduced with individual size parameters (oscillator lengths).In general, the number of different size parameters could amount up to the number of intrinsic coordinates.In this respect, the flaw of single particle bases is that since the identity of the particles constituting the system there must be used only one unique oscillator length.
The purpose of the present paper is to consider ab initio approach based on an expansion of the wave function on HO functions with different sizes in the Jacobi coordinates.The method under preposition revisits and extends the traditional HO basis expansion methods that are known of the employment the same oscillator length for all Jacobi coordinates.Introduction of the larger number of variational size parameters may produce intrinsic coordinates that are more adapted to better grasp the physical contents of the quantum systems.The proposed approach is implemented in a new HO basis expansion method for handling the non-relativistic energy spectrum calculation problem of Coulomb three-body systems with two identical particles.The three-particle systems are very abundant in the nature and of great interest in many fields of physics: molecular, atomic, nuclear and hadronic physics among others.The internal motions of particles in such systems are particularly often subjected to Coulomb interaction.Three-body Coulomb systems with two identical particles include the two electron atoms/ions, a variety of diatomic molecular ions, e.g.hydrogen and its isotops, as well as the exotic mesonic systems or positronium ion.It should be noted, that there exist a lot of different highly accurate approximations of wave functions and energy levels for three-body Coulomb systems states that are constructed by exponential expansion based variational approach (see, e.g., [13] and references therein).However, in spite of very accurate results, the wave functions in these types of calculations are constructed mostly with the intuitions.This circumstance severe restricts the perspectives of this approach in application to systems with larger number of particles.A serious advantage of the approach proposed in this paper is that it can be straightforward extended to the systems containing more particles.It should be stressed the universality of this approach, i.e. the calculation of the ground state and excited states may be performed by the same computational procedure.This is not the case for most of other methods.Although it is possible to deal with all types of forces in this formalism, we consider in this paper only Coulomb interactions.It is well known that the treatment of Coulomb potential in the harmonic oscillator basis is a hard computational problem due to the slow convergence of calculation results.So, the investigation of this case may provide sensitive test of the efficiency of the method and give valuable insight of its applicability in the solution of more complicated problems, e.g., systems with a larger number of particles, non-central potentials containing a strong attraction at short distances, and so on.The application of the theoretical formulation has been illustrated by calculation of ground state energies of a number of Coulomb three-body systems with two identical particles in zeroth order approach (i.e.zero HO excitation energy).The results obtained in basis with different sizes are compared with the ones calculated in traditional basis with the same oscillator length for each Jacobi coordinate.
The paper is organized in the following way.In Section 2 we present the basic equations of our formalism which lead to the compact expression for the intrinsic Hamiltonian matrix elements of the problem.In Section 3 we calculate the ground state energies of Coulomb three-body systems with two identical particles for zero HO excitation energy.The energies are compared to the values obtained in the traditional approach, when available.Section 4 is devoted for conclusions.

Coulomb Three-Body Systems with Two Identical Particles
The Hamiltonian of three-particle system, with masses 1 m and 2 3 m m = , and charges equal 1 Z and 2 3 Z Z = interacting with Coulomb potential in laboratory reference frame can be written as sum of single-particle and two-particle operators ( ) ( ) where α is fine structure constant, and i r the i-th particle radius vector.Let us assume that two (of the three) particles are identical.In order to get attractive interaction, one of the particles must be positive and the two others negative, or vice-versa.The two identical particles obviously have the equal masses.Therefore, it may be introduced the convenient Jacobi coordinates that not depend on the masses: ( ) The reduced masses that correspond to the introduced Jacobi coordinates are defined by 3) The denominators of the expressions of the Coulomb interactions between the first and two identical particles in the Jacobi coordinates acquire the form: So, the intrinsic Hamiltonian of the considered three-particle system in the Jacobi coordinates will be ( ) Since the identity of two particles the mean values of two terms in the intrinsic Hamiltonian corresponding to the Coulomb interactions between the first and two identical particles are equal.Therefore the intrinsic Hamiltonian may be replaced by the equivalent one with only one doubled term of interaction: ( ) In this paper, we introduce different sizes in the Jacobi coordinates instead of only one unique size parameter in the traditional approach.Therefore, in our method the standard procedure of transformation to dimensionless Jacobi coordinates takes the form: .
Here i b are the dimensionless harmonic oscillator length parameters, one for each Jacobi coordinate (indi- cated with index 1, 2 i = ) that implies a unique size for HO functions 2 , where i ω are the parameters with dimension of angular frequency and 1, 2 i = is the index of the reduced masses (2.3).The matrix of the intrinsic Hamiltonian will be calculated with the basis functions constructed of single-particle HO functions depending on the dimensionless Jacobi coordinates i ρ .In these coordinates the mean values of the kinetic energy terms of intrinsic Hamiltonian coincide with the mean values of the corresponding kinetic energy terms of single-particle HO Hamiltonian ( ) The eigenfunctions of this Hamiltonian are orthogonal and normalized radial harmonic-oscillator wave functions that in dimensionless Jacobi coordinates have the form here the quantum numbers for dimensionless Jacobi coordinates i ρ are displayed: is the number of harmonic oscillator quanta; 0,1, 2, i n =  is the principal oscillator quantum number; i λ is the orbital an- gular momenta; ( ) L x is the Laguerre polynomial, and ( ) is the gamma function [14].The intrinsic Hamiltonian in the dimensionless Jacobi coordinates takes the form ( ) Let us rewrite the intrinsic Hamiltonian (2.11) in terms of dimensionless energy quantities.The greatest simplification may be achieved by introducing 2 ω  energy units.In this case, two new variational parameters are 2 .
These new variational parameters will replace the following ratios in the dimensionless expression of the intrinsic Hamiltonian Finally, the dimensionless intrinsic Hamiltonian takes the form ( ) Here, no assumptions are made that some parts of the Hamiltonian are negligible in comparison to others.It should be noted, that since the product The matrix of the obtained intrinsic Hamiltonian is calculated on the bound angular moment harmonic oscillator functions that can be expressed in terms of the first particle and two identical particle functions utilizing the angular momentum Clebsch-Gordan coefficients here 1 j , 23 j and j are total angular moment a quantum numbers of the states of the first particle, two iden- tical particles and the three-particle system correspondingly; m is the magnetic quantum number of corresponding angular momentum; i σ is spin variables of the i-th particle.Vector coupling of angular moment a is de- noted by { } ⊗   .The function depending on the first Jacobi coordinate is composed of angular momentum and spin functions where ( ) α σ is a spin-1/2 function in the spin space, 1 s is the spin quantum number of the first particle, 1 λ µ and 1 s µ are the magnetic quantum numbers of orbital momen- tum and spin for the dimensionless Jacobi coordinate 1 ρ (associated with the first particle).The same self- explanatory structure have the wave function depending on the second Jacobi coordinate: , , , , ρ ϑ ϕ = ρ and we use the simplified notation for the number of HO quanta and orbital angular moment a quantum numbers, i.e.
Let us denote the introduced vector coupled basis functions of three-particle system by ket vector ( ) ( ) ( ) Let us list the conditions that should be imposed on the quantum numbers in these functions.At first, the wave functions (2.21) should be antisymmetric under permutation of two identical fermions.This imposes the well-known condition: 2 23 s λ + should be an even number.At second, the total spin of the two identical particles with spin of 1/2 could take on only two values: 23 0,1 s = .At third, the total angular momentum, is conserved, so its quantum numbers may take on only the integer values within the range: 1 23 Finally, the parity conservation imposes the condition: ( ) j j j j s j s j jm s j s j j m j j s j s j j s j s j j m m j represented as double-bar matrix element.The Clebsh-Gordan coefficient in this expression is Kronecker symbol for total angular momentum and its magnetic quantum numbers of the basis.The reduced matrix element of operator acting only on coordinates of first particle may be expressed in terms of 6j coefficient and the reduced matrix element between the single-particle functions depending only on coordinates of the first particle [15] ( ) Since the considered Hamiltonian is a scalar in angular-momentum space, the tensorial rank of the kinetic energy operator is zero ( ) 0 k = .After application of Equation (2.23), the expression of the reduced matrix ele- ment of the first kinetic energy term takes the form , , , .0 2 j j j s j s j s j s j j s j s j j j j j j s j s j j j Due to zero value of one of the parameters of the 6j coefficient, it may be significantly simplified [14], therefore, the matrix element of the first kinetic energy term may be written as j j j j jm jm s j s j j j s j s j jm s j s j j m s j s j j Applying the same formula (2.23) for orbital momentum we may further simplify the reduced matrix element After returning from the reduced to the ordinary matrix element the matrix element of the first kinetic energy term assumes the form . 1 j j s j s j j j s s s j s j jm s j s j jm The matrix element of the first kinetic energy operator in the HO basis depending on the coordinate 1 ρ : ( ) ( ) ( ) The second kinetic energy term of Hamiltonian (2.16) may be evaluated similar way using the formula that expresses the reduced matrix element of operator acting only on coordinates of two identical particles of the three-particle coupled state in terms of 6j coefficient and the reduced matrix element between the single-particle functions depending only on coordinate 2 ρ [15].Then for the matrix element of the second kinetic energy term, between the coupled three-particle harmonic oscillator functions, we find that (2.30) The single-particle Coulomb term as well as the second kinetic energy term of the Hamiltonian (2.16) depends on the same Jacobi coordinate, so its angular part will be calculated analogously.Then for the matrix element of the single-particle Coulomb term, between the coupled three-particle harmonic oscillator functions ) s j s j j j s s s j s j jm s j s j jm R R The matrix element of the two-particle Coulomb term assumes the form j j s j s j jm s j s j jm We calculate this matrix element by means of Talmi-Moshinsky brackets.In order to apply the Talmi-Moshinsky the moments of the coupled three-particle harmonic oscillator functions should be recoupled in the following form [15] ( ) ( ) s j s j j s j s j j s s s j s j s j j s s s j s j s j j s s s The reduced matrix element of the two-particle Coulomb term on the functions with new coupling scheme may be further simplified s s s s s s s s s j s s s j The expectation value of the two-particle Coulomb operator from Equation (2.16) can be obtained by expressing them in a single-particle form.This may be accomplished by means of new Jacobi coordinates.The orthogonal transformation to that Jacobi coordinates is The same transformation to Jacobi coordinates should be accomplished for the wave functions.By means of Talmi-Moshinsky brackets the two particle harmonic oscillator functions may be expanded in terms of vector coupled products of the single Jacobi variable functions [16] ( ) ,  ,  : | , : (2.37) here 0 ε and 0 σ are oscillator quanta and angular momentum quantum numbers, associated with the center- of-mass motion, 1 ε and 1 σ are corresponding quantum numbers of relative motion.The Jacobi coordinate with the zero index is proportional to the center-of-mass coordinate, and Jacobi coordinate with the index equal to one is proportional to their relative coordinate.The various quantum numbers appearing in the Talmi-Moshinsky brackets are constrained by triangular inequalities, by parity conservation and by conservation of the number of quanta.The two-particle Coulomb operator will depend only on the one variable in the new basis if the parameter d of the Talmi-Moshinsky brackets takes the form Then, in the denominator of the two-particle Coulomb operator may be expressed here we introduce for brevity the factor C which is defined Thus for the reduced matrix element of the two-particle term of the Hamiltonian (2.16) one obtains Finally, the matrix element of the two-particle Coulomb term between the initial coupled three-particle harmonic oscillator functions takes the form ( ) ( ) here, the summation parameters are under restrictions: m j -may take any allowed value for given j; ( ) ( ) ( ) . In the expansion (2.44), we always consider all the basis states (2.37) with a number of quanta less or equal to a given number max E .This is the well-known prescription for HO bases to treat correctly the Pauli principle.

Ground State Energies Evaluation
A new method for calculation of non-relativistic energy spectrum of Coulomb three-body systems with two identical particles has been applied for calculation of ground state energies in zeroth order approach (with zero HO excitation energy).In this case, the Hamiltonian matrix has only one matrix element, therefore the application of variation principle for ground state energies calculations is significantly simplified.The traditional approach based on HO basis considers that the harmonic oscillator wave function have the same size (or the same scale) in all Jacobi coordinates.The proposed approach transforms to the traditional one with the simple substitution 1 2 γ γ γ = = .In this case, the zeroth order matrix element of the dimensionless intrinsic Hamiltonian (2.16) takes the form ( ) The minimization of this function may give an analytical expression for variable parameter γ , which is cho- sen to minimize the zeroth order ground-state eigenvalue ( ) So, for one variable parameter the considered variation eigenvalue problem could be solved analytically, that significantly simplify the analysis of bound state problem.The dependence of the zeroth order ground-state eigenvalue (with one variable parameter min γ γ

=
) of the dimensionless intrinsic Hamiltonian on the mass ratio 2 1 m m of the particles and charge 1 Z of the non-identical particle is illustrated in Figure 1. Figure 1 shows that the ground-state eigenvalues have pronounced minima at some values of mass ratio 2 1 m m .As charge 1 Z of the non-identical particle increases, these ground-state eigenvalues lay lover.How- ever, at large values of mass ratio 2 1 m m of three-body Coulomb systems with two identical particles their binding energies calculated within the framework of the traditional approach become positive.Figure 1 displays calculation results only for electrons as identical particles, however the dependences of binding energies for other sort of identical particles with the same mass ratio 2 1 m m will differ only with scaling factor 2 2 c ν .
Therefore, the result that the binding energy of considered systems calculated within the framework of the traditional approach becomes positive at large values of mass ratio 2 1 m m is quite general one.This is in strict contradiction to the well-established result that all Coulomb three-body systems consisting of two identical particles have at least one stable bound state against dissociation [17].Some characteristic of the obtained dependencies of the zeroth order ground-state eigenvalues calculated within the framework of the traditional approach for the specified charges m m up to which there exists at least one bound state for the considered three-body systems.In the following two rows the minima of the zeroth order ground-state eigenvalues are given as a function of the mass ratio 2 1 m m .The last column contain the limit of the minima of the zeroth order ground-state eigenvalues when 2 1 0 m m → .Thus, for 2 1 0 m m → we have the "atomic" limit consisting of two light identical particles and a heavy one, on the other hand, for 2 1 m m → ∞ there is the "molecular" limit consisting of two identical heavy particles and a light one.So, the mass ratio 2 1 m m represents the degree of adiabaticity of the consi- dered system.The dependence of the zeroth order ground-state eigenvalue of the Hamiltonian (3.1) on the mass relation 2 1 m m of the particles, charge 1 Z of the non-identical particle, and the parameter min γ chosen to minimize the ground-state eigenvalue is presented in Table 1.Table 1.The characteristics of dependence of the zeroth order ground-state eigenvalue (with one variable parameter γ) on mass ratio m 2 /m 1 and charge Z 1 of the non-identical particle when the charge of any of the identical particles is Z 2 = −1.(m 2 /m 1 ) max is the upper mass ratio limit for which there exists at least the one bound state of the Coulomb three-body systems with two identical particles (electrons) in zeroth order approach; E min is the minimum of the zeroth order ground-state eigenvalue at specified value of mass ratio m 2 /m 1 ; the last column displays the limit of the zeroth order ground-state eigenvalue for infinitely small mass m 2 or infinitely large mass m 1 .

Z1
(m2/m1)max Minima of the zeroth order ground-state eigenvalue It should be noted that the results presented in Table 1 remain unchanged if the signs of charges Z 1 and Z 2 are reversed.
In the presented method the minimization must be done in a two dimensional space (γ 1 and γ 2 ).To search the minimum of the matrix element of Hamiltonian (2.16) for zero excitation HO energy, we apply our modified Golden section search method [18] alternatively for parameters γ 1 and γ 2 .This method is well-known of its stability and is fast enough in this case of one minimised function (computation time takes about few seconds).For the bound states, the parameters γ 1 and γ 2 are calculated by minimization of the corresponding zeroth groundstate eigenvalue of the Hamiltonian (2.17).Aiming to demonstrate the possibilities of our method, we have calculated the zero order binding energies for a large set of three-body Coulomb systems with two identical particles.These results are presented in Table 2.
The tabulated in Table 2 calculation results for considered Coulomb three-body systems with two identical particles consist of the following elementary particles: e-electron, e + -positron, μ-and K ± -mesons, p-proton, ddeuteron, t-tritium, α-the nucleus of the helium atom, and Li + -the ion of the lithium atom ( 7 Li).We have used the masses of these particles presented in the data tables [19].In Table 2 all three-body systems are specified by their mass ratio m 2 /m 1 .The two columns indicated by ( ) H γ presents the zeroth order ground-state eigenvalues min E calculated within the framework of the traditional approach and the parameter γ chosen to minimize the corresponding ground-state eigenvalues.The second three columns indicated by ( ) H γ γ displays the zeroth order ground-state eigenvalues min E and values of variable parameters, γ 1 and γ 2 , which give the lowest energy of corresponding binding energies.Modern highly sophisticated and accurate variational computations of the three-body bound states allow one to determine up to 40 correct decimal digits in the total energy (see, e.g., [20] and references therein).These very accurate energy values we name numerically "exact" exact

E
and present in the last column of the Table 2.The analysis of bound state problem of Coulomb systems with two identical particles with the presented method shows its distinct advantages over the traditional approach.At first, the zeroth order ground-state binding energies calculated with different sizes in the Jacobi coordinates are significantly lover than that calculated with only one size parameter for all Jacobi coordinates.At second, the proposed method correctly predicts at least one stable bound state for all Coulomb three-body systems consisting of two identical particles.This is not the case for traditionWal approach which produces unphysical positive eigenvalues in the "molecular" limit, i.e. when mass ratio m 2 /m 1 is large.The examples of such systems are epp and μpp which binding energies are not presented in Table 2.The proposed method correctly gives the bounding of ground-state for these systems.

Conclusions
In this paper the new HO basis expansion method for calculation of non-relativistic energy spectrum of threebody systems with two identical particles has been developed.The proposed formalism consistently outlines the principles of antisymmetrization and translational invariance.Compared with the traditional approach, the method is based on an expansion of the wave function on HO functions with different sizes in the Jacobi coordinates.The advantage of this treatment steams from the introduction of more appropriate degrees of freedom that better reflects the basic physics of the system.The efficiency of the method is based on the very fast computation procedure for Talmi-Moshinsky brackets calculations [16].The computation of many-particle operators matrix elements in HO basis can be significantly simplified using the Talmi transformations.One of the novelties developed in this paper is the calculation of the Hamiltonian matrix elements on the HO functions with two different oscillator lengths by means of Talmi-Moshinsky brackets.This formalism is particularly well suited for very asymmetric systems (for example one light and two heavy particles).The complications of proposed approach as compared to the traditional one are due to the necessity to perform a double minimization on both different sizes in the Jacobi coordinates instead of a single minimization on an unique size parameter.Nevertheless, since this treatment grasps better the physical contents of the system, it may be expected that for a given number of HO quanta, the precision achieved can be increased as compared to the traditional approach.
The method was applied for estimation of ground state energies of a number of Coulomb three-body systems with two identical particles for zero HO excitation energy.The binding of ground state is obtained for all Coulomb three-body systems with two identical particles.It is consistent with well established results [17].This is not the case in the traditional approach with only one oscillator length where in zeroth order approach the negative energy of ground state for very asymmetric systems cannot be obtained.For considered three-body systems, this result is confirmed by the analysis of the derived compact solution for ground state energy with only one size parameter.The advantages of the developed approach with different sizes in the Jacobi coordinates let us expect that the proposed simple and efficient zeroth order calculation procedure may be successfully generalized to any many-particle quantum system for testing of the existence of bound ground states.
In this paper we focused on the three-body systems where the interaction potential was limited to the Coulomb interaction only.The method is quite general, however, and can be applied to problems if other interaction potentials are used.The proposed approach may be generalized to problems of more than three particles.The addition of another particle introduces one more Jacobi coordinate with corresponding size parameter (for example three size parameters in case of four-body systems).The generalization of this approach may provide consistent and effective treatment of principle of translational invariance in many-particle quantum systems.This could greatly improve the zeroth order calculation results and considerable increase the rate of convergence of HO basis expansion.
the expression of dimensionless intrinsic Hamiltonian may be achieved taking use of the is the constant, the mean values of the intrinsic Hamiltonian (2.11) and dimensionless intrinsic Hamiltonian (2.16) will have variational minimum at the same values of the variational parameters 1 γ and 2 γ .

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.The dependence of the zeroth order ground-state eigenvalue (in eV) of the Hamiltonian (3.1) on the mass ratio m 2 /m 1 of the particles and charge Z 1 of the non-identical particle when identical particles are electrons.The parameter γ min is chosen to minimize the ground-state eigenvalue.Every curve is labelled by their Z 1 value and scaled by corresponding factors: 1 (Z 1 = 1), 5.3 (Z 1 = 2), 10.8 (Z 1 = 3), and 16 (Z 1 = 4).

Table 1 .
The first column tabulates the values of

Table 2 .
The non-relativistic binding (total) energies min E (in eV) for the ground-states of Coulomb systems with two identical particles.Energies are for values of parameters γ, γ 1 and γ 2 , which give the lowest energy for zero excitation HO energy.The "exact" numerical binding energies of ground-states are also indicated.