Procedural & Distributive Justice and Amenability to Psychological Treatment in Juvenile Delinquents

This study was aimed at testing a structural model that analyzed the relationship between procedural and distributive justice and the amenability of psychological treatment for juvenile delinquents. Ninety-two adolescents receiving treatment in detention and community facilities following a judge’s sentence constituted the sample. Participants responded to a questionnaire including items that investigated the perception of police and judicial procedures and decisions, and the acceptance of psychological treatments. A structural equation model was specified and tested. Three factors were indicated “perception of police treatment”, “procedural justice”, “distributive justice”, and “amenability of the treatment”. It was expected a direct relationship between procedural and distributive justice and distributive justice and amenability of the treatment. It was also projected a direct relationship between distributive justice and amenability of the treatment. Results revealed that the adolescent’s positive perception of the judicial procedure predicted positively the amenability of both the treatment and the distributive justice system. Perception of the police treatment had an effect on procedural justice. Those findings seem to indicate that if adolescents perceive a fair police treatment and procedure, their acceptance of the treatment and sentence will be more likely. Such an outcome, in turn, could help in their reintegration to society.

This resource was developed as part of a multi-year collaboration that involves the Center for Court Innovation, the National Judicial College, and the U.S. Department of Justice's Bureau of Justice Assistance.Guidance was provided by a national advisory board of judges, court administrators, academics, and others.Each of the suggested practices is linked to one or more of the following critical dimensions of procedural justice: voice (litigants' perception that they have an opportunity to be heard); respect (litigants' perception that the judge and other court actors treat them with dignity); neutrality (litigants' perception that decisions are made without bias); and understanding (litigants' comprehension of the language used in court and how decisions are made).Tips on ways to cultivate these litigant perceptions are presented under the following broad areas of a litigant's court experience: courthouse environment, courtroom management, and each court appearance.In addition, tips are provided for enhancing procedural justice in various types of hearings, including bail hearings, plea hearings, and sentencing.Procedural justice for special populations involved in court procedures is also addressed.questions: First, are the police perceived as engaging with gang members based on prejudicial behavior (e.g.being stopped because of race, gender, age, clothing and/or location)?If so, how do these perceived police behaviors shape perceptions of procedural justice among male and female gang members?Further, how are perceptions of procedural justice impacted by the context during which participants are approached (i.e.actively engaged in law-breaking behavior or not)?And finally, how are police contacts and perceptions similar or different across genders?This study utilized secondary data, which consisted of 253 in-depth qualitative interviews.The semi-structured interviews of male (N=119) and female (N=134) gang members covered salient topics that included descriptions of police behavior during involuntary face-to-face contacts, vicarious experiences, and attitudes about law enforcement.Overall, the results indicate that ethnic minority drug dealing gang members experience what they perceive to be procedurally unjust police behavior.Indeed, the research participants repeatedly raised concerns related to their perceptions of procedural justice on all four criteria (fairness, trust, respect, and participation) (Tyler, 2006) and concerning police legitimacy. . . .While there were some notable gender differences in experiences and responses, and some suggestion that the race/ethnicity of gang members might matter as well, there were also a number of shared experiences suggesting that men and women of different ethnicities also experience and interpret police behavior in similar ways.This study affirmed that attitudes towards law enforcement, interpretations of police behavior, and legitimacy are best examined in an intersectional framework based on the dynamic exchange between police and citizen.As such, this investigation contributes to our understanding of how gender, race, presentation of self, neighborhood context, criminal involvement, along with the type and nature of the stop, converge to reveal how attitudes towards police are formed and perceptions of procedural justice are articulated among this criminally-involved population.

Abstract
Victims of crime often feel re-victimized when they come into contact with criminal justice professionals.Police, as first responders to many victimization experiences, therefore need to be particularly sensitive to the way in which they treat victims if they wish to reduce the occurrence of such secondary victimization.The present study seeks to explore the role that procedural justice policing can play in improving the wellbeing and quality of life of crime victims after system contact.Importantly, it also seeks to put forward a framework for understanding why procedural justice policing might improve victims' quality of life; this framework draws heavily on theories of emotion.The study utilizes survey data collected from 171 crime victims to show that procedural justice policing can indeed reduce the negative impact that system contact can have on a victim's quality of life.It will be shown that procedural justice enhances victims' quality of life because it serves to diminish the negative emotions experienced by victims of crime when they come into contact with legal authorities.

Abstract
Procedural justice theory predicts a relationship between police behavior, individuals' normative evaluation of police, and decisions to comply with laws.Yet, prior studies of procedural justice have rather narrowly defined the potentially relevant predicates of police behavior.This study expands the scope of procedural justice theory by considering a broad array of policing components, including unobserved actions such as electronic surveillance, respecting the limits of one's legal authority, and the unequal or equal distribution of policing resources between different groups.Analyzing data from a national probability sample of adults in England and Wales, we (a) present a comprehensive investigation of the heterogeneous elements of policing related to legitimacy judgments and (b) contribute to debate about the nature of legitimacy.

Abstract
A considerable number of studies have examined citizens' attitudes toward the police and have found that those who are young, male, and/or racial minorities have more negative perceptions on police and their services.A relatively small number of studies have examined how criminal justice education impacts young citizens' attitudes toward police.A survey was conducted with 708 responses collected in a public university located in mid-western region measuring undergraduate students' attitudes toward police.This study compared their attitudes by majors (criminal justice majors vs. non-criminal justice majors) and found that criminal justice majors showed more positive attitudes towards the police procedural justice and a higher level of respect toward police authority than non-criminal justice majors.However, this educational effect was diminished when recent police-contact experience was controlled.

Abstract
This study investigates if procedural justice and police competence affects trust in the police independent on the level of perception of corruption, and whether the impact of procedural justice and police competence varies due to perception of corruption.The data used is European Social Survey round 5 (2010), containing 24 countries.To separate individual effects from aggregate effects we used multilevel analyses.The results show that procedural justice and police efficiency are of importance for trust in the police independent of the perception of corruption.But the results also show that the impact of both procedural justice and police competence varies due to the level of perception of corruption.The conclusion is therefore that the fight against corruption must be prioritized to increase trust in the police.

Abstract
My study aims to look at one's bond to society and how it affects one's belief of bias by police and how likely one is to call police when in need of help.My contribution to the field is to better understand relationships between the police and civilians.This is important because such relationships determine whether are likely to call police for assistance when in need of help or when a crime has taken place.If an individual does not believe the police are there to help, they may turn to other sources of protection such as gangs or personal weapons, which in turn can lead to more crime.Citizens' perceptions of police vary according to their experience with police.The variation in perception is patterned along racial and socioeconomic demographics and levels of trust of the police.Citizens who disproportionately mistrust the police tend to also perceive crimes as high (Maxson, Hennigan, and Sloane, 2003).I apply Hirschi's Social Control Theory (1969) to police-citizen relationships.Hirschi states that the stronger the bond one has to society, the less likely it is for him or her to deviate from the norms and to commit crime.I hypothesize that people who have a strong bond to society are less likely to believe police are bias and are more likely to call police when in need of help.This study was conducted by surveying 400-college students age 18 and older.52% of respondents were female, 52% were 19 years old or younger, 56% identified as a minority, and 59% were lower classmen.Findings show that younger people, females, minorities, respondents who interacted with police officers but felt they did not receive procedural justice, and people who scored low on social control are more likely to believe police are bias.Females, people who had an interaction with police officers, and people who scored high on social control were more likely to call for assistance when in need of help.

Abstract
The movement for restorative justice (RJ) has struggled with marginalization on the soft end of the criminal justice system where the threat of net widening and iatrogenesis looms large.To realize the full potential of RJ as an alternative philosophy of justice, restorative practices need to expand beyond the world of adolescent and small-level offenses into the deeper end of the justice system.Disciplinary hearings inside of adult prisons may be a strategic space to advance this expansion.This paper presents findings from a study of prison discipline in four U.K. prisons.The findings strongly suggest that in their current form such disciplinary proceedings are viewed by prisoners as lacking in legitimacy.Although modeled after the adversarial system of the criminal court, the adjudications were instead universally derided as "kangaroo courts" lacking the basic elements of procedural justice.Based on these findings, we argue that RJ interventions may offer a viable redress to these problems of legitimacy which, if successful, would have ramifications that extend well beyond the prison walls.

Abstract
In recent years, the quality of prisoner-staff-relationships has received increased attention in the field of penological research.This research indicates that the use of procedural justice in day-to-day interaction is a particularly important aspect of the imprisonment experience.However, existing research has only focussed on the experience of current imprisonment and has not taken the individual biographies of the prisoners into account which may influence the frame of reference from which a fair and decent treatment by prison staff is evaluated.Based on in-depth, semi-structured interviews with juvenile prisoners, the chapter provides an account of fairness issues in prisons, which locates the prisoners' narratives in their biographical contexts and which sheds light on the internal contradictions and complications, the slips, and discrepancies of perceptions of injustice which are not addressed in the research literature.the hypotheses, results showed that pay-related distributive justice perceptions were a stronger predictor of pay level satisfaction than pay-related procedural justice perceptions, and that benefits-related procedural justice perceptions were a stronger predictor of benefits determination satisfaction and benefits administration satisfaction than benefits-related distributive justice perceptions.Additionally, results showed that pay-related distributive justice perceptions and procedural justice perceptions significantly and equally predicted pay structure satisfaction, pay raises satisfaction, and variable pay procedure satisfaction, and that benefits-related distributive justice perceptions and procedural justice perceptions significantly and equally predicted benefits level satisfaction.These findings suggest that organizations should make fairness a priority when distributing compensation outcomes and making compensation decisions to maintain a high level of pay satisfaction.

Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine gender differences in reactions to pay inequity and procedural justice.Specifically, the study seeks to reveal whether these gender differences can be explained by pay comparisons and knowledge of pay.Design/methodology/approach: Structural equation modeling was utilized to analyze survey data that was combined with archival pay data representing a sample of 416 employees of two universities in Finland.
Findings: Male employees were found to be more sensitive towards pay inequity than female employees.In contrast, procedural justice was more strongly related to the organizational commitment of female than that of male employees.These effects were partly explained by pay comparisons and knowledge of pay.While male employees were more likely to compare their pay with some external referents, female employees were more likely to compare their pay internally.Male employees were somewhat more familiar with the pay system.Differences in these variables relate to organizational commitment.have occurred in personnel selection (such as human resource information systems, or HRIS, and erecruitment), scholars have called for a technological re-envisioning of the original model, especially the explanations/descriptions ascribed to each rule.The present study seeks to understand how HRIS erecruitment technology impacts job-seeker fairness perceptions and in so doing update the Gilliland (1993) model using a qualitative methodology and website success measures from information systems success theory.It contributes to the literature on applicant fairness perceptions by accounting for technological change, and contributes to the field of Public Administration by studying a governmental erecruitment portal thereby accounting for the particularities of public-sector HRM which is underrepresented in the organizational justice literature.Over the course of one (1) year, twelve (12) jobseekers participated in a series of focus group interviews where they reflected on their experiences applying for jobs in the Canadian federal civil service using the government's e-recruitment portal.Participants completed profiles, sent applications, communicated with government personnel, and wrote internet tests, among other job-search activities, and reported on their experiences from the perspective of fairness.Results confirm the validity of all original procedural justice rules and offer insight into their application in a recruitment environment where applicants invest considerable time interacting with computerized systems.Two additional rules are also put forth including the ease with which candidates can deceive tests and privacy/trustworthiness using technology.The findings are limited insofar as data gathering took place during a time of reduced hiring activity by the employer and because participation was limited to one (1) specific geographic location.

Abstract
This is a review of published longitudinal empirical research on the impact of restructuring on employee well-being.We investigated whether restructuring accompanied by staff reductions impacts differently on worker well-being than restructuring without staff reductions, and the differences between short-and long-term effects of restructuring.Furthermore, we investigated the mechanisms that explain these effects.We conducted a literature search on longitudinal, peer-reviewed, English-written studies from the period 2000-2012.Thirty-nine papers fulfilled the inclusion criteria.We found that restructuring events, with and without staff reductions, mainly have a negative impact on the well-being of employees.The majority of studies showed negative changes over time, in the short and the long term.Some groups of workers reacted less negatively: for example, workers with a high organizational status before a merger and workers who underwent a change in workgroup.Variables that intervened in the relationship between restructuring and well-being were physical demands, job control, communication, provision of information, training, procedural justice, job insecurity and change acceptance.Further high-quality longitudinal research is needed to get more insight into the impact of restructuring over time and into the part played by intervening variables.the treatment with a procedure inducing unequal expected payoffs.Our data shows that beliefs about others' behavior are correlated with one's own behavior; however this is the case only when following recommendations is a strategy that involves payoff-uncertainty.

Abstract
In consumer contracting, the ritual of documentation and provision of terms is essentially vestigial, at least as a form of deal-making communication between the parties.This paper starts with a thought experiment: what would it look like to have contracts but no standard terms?Most scholarly and political approaches to the mismatch of contract law and consumer contracting have focused on the information problem in consumer contracting -the difficulty of the required cognitive processing -and thus the proposed solutions have focused on how to make terms more salient or easier to assimilate.I argue that the focus on salience is not only futile but misleading.Promulgating a policy by contract lends it social or moral legitimacy, as well as a presumption of legal legitimacy.I report the results of an experimental questionnaire study designed to assess how the form of a policy -i.e., provided in standard terms or available in a non-contractual document, affects consumer behavior when there is a plausible complaint against the drafter.Subjects reported that company policies embedded in contracts were more likely to be legally enforceable, judged those policies as more fair, and reported that they would be less likely to challenge such those policies in court.Furthermore, subjects appeared to grant all but the most clearly non-contractual documents the status of contract, with all of its legal, moral, and social baggage.In the final section of the paper I consider the doctrines of assent and unconscionability in light of these results.

Abstract
This research highlights the crucial role of an intimate link between a disabled person's self-identity and the perceived fairness of legal procedures.In doing so, it brings to the foreground a wholly ignored aspect of procedural justice.Earlier researchers have failed to delve into the role identity politics plays in the relationship between the institutions and the beneficiaries of their services, and the way different members of a group understand and define themselves.This research explores the way people with disabilities in the United States, with different kinds of disability identities, experience and evaluate the procedure of claiming Social Security benefits.The findings suggest that disabled people who identified with the social model of disability (as opposed to the medical-individual models) hold a critical view of the procedure for retaining benefits.They felt they had no control over it, could not voice their opinions, were mistreated by representatives, and had to present an image that was not necessarily true of their disability.They also saw the procedure as discouraging them from participating fully in the labor market, and consequently integrating better in society, an idea that was not present among disabled people who identify with medical-individual models.Exposing this relationship between the way people perceive themselves and the way they experience and evaluate legal procedures can contribute to the creation of better policies, while improving communication between the state and members of the disability community, along with other marginalized groups.
There is a paucity of empirical research on the social psychology of justice in educational settings.A few previous studies have predominantly focused on distributive and procedural justice concerns, and knowledge about the role of what have been called informational and interpersonal justice for school outcomes is very scarce.In the present study, data from 227 eighth-and ninth-grade students who participated in a survey study were analyzed to examine the interplay between relational justice concerns (decomposed into procedural, interpersonal, and informational justice), motivation to study, and school achievement.A comprehensive theoretically grounded multi-item measure of informational justice was developed and validated.The results showed that informational justice significantly predicts school grades, and that motivation to study fully mediates this effect.Neither procedural nor interpersonal justice was associated with school grades.The implications of these results for research and practice are discussed in detail.

New Thinking and Interpretations
Josha Skoczylis, Counter-Terrorism and Society: The Contradiction of the Surveillance State; Understanding the Relationship Between Communities, the State and Society, in THE PALGRAVE HANDBOOK OF GLOBAL COUNTER-TERRORISM (S.Romaniuk, F. Grice, D. Irrera & S. Webb, eds., 2016), http://eprints.lincoln.ac.uk/22235/.

Abstract
In Liberal democracies the relationship between communities, authorities and by the extension the political establishment and broader society, to a large extend determines the success of counter terrorism operations.Communities' engagement with authorities is damaged by covert surveillance, and practices that appear to undermine perceptions of procedural fairness, weakening individuals' and communities' perceptions of legitimacy and trust in the state.Debates about national identity and othering further enhance a sense of alienation felt by Muslim communities and erodes their shared sense of identity and affinity with the perceived national identity.Such barriers, a lack of trust and perceptions of alienation decrease the likelihood of engagement, necessitating more intrusive surveillance measures to obtain intelligence needed to reduce the threat of terrorism.Perceptions of procedural fairness are further undermined, affecting trust and perceptions of legitimacy, stifling future engagement with the state and wider society, which are crucial for successful counter-terrorism operations.

Abstract
This paper argues that a fundamental antagonism between democracy and non-democracy organizes lay thinking on global issues.We review key findings of a long-standing experimental research program that examined the "Democracy-as-value" hypothesis across a variety of political and social contexts.This hypothesis contends that democracy is an ideological belief system that provides value to democratic individuals, groups, and institutions and thereby grants legitimacy to their actions.Based on procedural justice theories and social representations theory, we contend that western lay perceivers associate democracy with procedural equality and individual autonomy, whereas non-democracy is associated with in-group hierarchy and conformity.We discuss how idealized representations of democracy justify global power arrangements and emphasizes the paradoxical justification function of democratic values through which nondemocratic forms of social regulation based on physical force are legitimized with the very democratic norms that call for peaceful resolution of conflicts.

Abstract
Across a diverse range of urban geographical contexts, the provision and governance of public spaces frequently generates conflicts of varying intensity involving urban inhabitants and urban authorities.A clear moral and philosophically based argument and evaluative framework is necessary for both critiquing and informing the positions that are taken in public space disputes.In this paper, we develop a model of socially just public space that could inform analysis of, and interventions in, these conflicts.In dialogue with the literatures on urban public space and on social and spatial justice, we offer five propositions about what makes for more just public space.The five propositions concern distributive justice, recognition, interactional justice and encounter, care and repair, and procedural justice.The application of these five propositions is exemplified through brief reflections on the politics of the street in New York City, and 'broken windows' style policing of graffiti.
Aziz Z. Huq, Jonathan Jackson & Rick Trinkner, Acts that Legitimate: Widening the Array of Predicate Policing Practices (University of Chicago, Public Law Working Paper No. 570, 2016), http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2740631. Note: This paper is forthcoming in the British Journal of Criminology under the title "Legitimating Practices: Revisiting the Predicates of Police Legitimacy." Tage Alalehto & Daniel Larsson, Measuring Trust in the Police by Contextual and Individual Factors, INT'L J. L. CRIME & JUST.(published online February 2016), http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1756061616000082.