Current Mode Universal Filter Using Single Current Controlled Differential Difference Current Conveyor Transconductance Amplifier

This research paper contains a new electronically tunable current-mode biquadratic universal filter using a new active building block; current controlled differential difference current con-veyor transconductance amplifier (CCDDCCTA). The proposed filter provides the following important and desirable features: (i) One can use only one CCDDCCTA and two capacitors; (ii) One can get low pass (LP), band pass (BP), high pass (HP), notch (NF) and all pass (AP) current responses from the same configuration without any alteration; (iii) Passive components are grounded, which ease the integrated circuit implementation; (iv) Responses are electronically tunable; and (v) Sensitivity is low. Moreover, the non-ideality analysis shows that the parasitic passive components can be compensated for the proposed circuit. The functionality of the design is verified through SPICE simulations using 0.25 µm CMOS TSMC technology process parameters. Simulation result agrees well with the theoretical analysis.


Introduction
Universal biquadratic filters are those which provide all standard filter functions (low pass (LP), band pass (BP), high pass (HP), notch (NF) and all pass (AP)), without modifying the circuit topology.The advancement in the field of microelectronics presents current mode active building blocks for design of fast and high performance analog signal processing circuits and systems [1].The current mode active blocks may process signals in voltage as well as current mode.A number of current mode filters using various analog building blocks (ABB) are available in literature under the classification of multi-input multi-output (MIMO) [2]- [5], single-input multioutput (SIMO) [6]- [11] and multi-input single-output (MISO) [12]- [24].In addition, a range of current conveyor blocks with inbuilt transconductance amplifier (TA) in monolithic chip, such as current conveyor transconductance amplifier (CCTA) [25], current difference transconductance amplifier (CDTA) [26], current controlled current conveyor transconductance amplifier (CCCCTA) [27], differential voltage current conveyor transconductance amplifier (DVCCTA) [19], differential difference current conveyor transconductance amplifier (DDCCTA) [4], differential voltage current controlled conveyor transconductance amplifier (DVCCCTA) [28] and current controlled differential difference current conveyor transconductance amplifier (CCDDCCTA) [29], have emerged in last few years.Among these, CCDDCCTA is a recently introduced ABB.It is basically composed of current controlled differential difference current conveyor (CCDDCC) [30] followed by a transconductance amplifier (TA) block.It has high input impedance terminals for voltage and high output impedance terminals for currents.It can process both differential and floating inputs.It inherits all the good properties of CCDDCC, CCCCTA and DDCCTA along with electronic tuning of transconductance, which is found to be useful in design of various circuits with lesser number of resistors and integrated circuit implementation.
The study of MISO universal filters [13]- [24] based on current mode ABB reveals that these circuits suffer one or more of the following weakness: A new current mode universal filter with a reduced number of passive components has been presented.The proposed filter is a multi-input single-output (MISO) and uses two grounded capacitors and one CCDDCCTA only.The proposed current mode filter circuit can realize high pass (HP), low pass (LP), band pass (BP), notch and all pass (AP) filter responses by selecting appropriate input current without alteration of the topology.It can easily be cascaded, as its output is current and impedance is high.All the features of the proposed filter can be electronically adjusted by biasing currents of the CCDDCCTA.Moreover, the high-Q filter may easily be achieved by using the bias currents of CCDDCCTA.A comparative study of the available active elements based on current mode filters is also presented.PSPICE simulation results verify the theoretical analysis.

Circuit Description
The symbol of CCDDCCTA and its implementation using CMOS are shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2 respectively.The port relationships of the CCDDCCTA can be represented by the following matrix: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 where, the intrinsic resistance ( ) x R at X terminal defined as 16 18 1 where, Similarly, the transconductance ( ) It may be noted that both ( ) and ( ) mo g can be electronically varied by bias currents I B1 and I B2 of CCDDCCTA respectively.
The proposed current mode (CM) filter is shown in Figure 3 which utilizes two grounded capacitors and one CCDDCCTA only.The routine analysis of circuit gives the output current at single node as: ( ) The inspection of Equation ( 6) reveals that the circuit of Figure 3 will function as a universal filter depending upon combination of inputs (I in1 , I in2 and I in3 ) applied at three terminals.The output response (I out ) for different combinations of inputs are shown in Table 1.It reveals that no component constraint is required for LP and BP response; however for HP, notch and AP responses a simple component matching is required.The circuit is suitable for cascading to another circuit having low input impedance for current input.
The filter parameters, namely natural angular frequency ( ) 0 ω , bandwidth (BW) and quality factor ( ) , and It reveals in Table 1 and ( 7) that for LP and BP responses 0 ω and 0 Q can be varied with I B2 without disturbing 0 0 Q ω .The variation of 0 ω without disturbing 0 Q may be achieved by simultaneously varying I B1 and I B2 , such that the product mo x g R remains constant and the quotient mo x g R varies and vice-versa.Similarly for HP and notch responses 0 ω can be varied independent of 0 Q by keeping the product mo x g R unity and varying the quotient mo x g R using I B1 and I B2 .It may also be shown from ( 7) that high value of quality factor ( ) Q can be obtained from the low spread of capacitance (C 1 and C 2 ) values [31].If the ratio of C 1 and C 2 are chosen as Q .The sensitivity of a parameter Y to variation of element X may be defined as The sensitivity analysis of the proposed circuits for various parameters is evaluated as It reveals that the sensitivity is low and less then unity in magnitude.

Non-Idealities Analysis
The performance of the proposed current mode filter might be deviated from the ideal response due to nonidealities of CCDDCCTA.The first non-ideality comes due to the internal current (α) and voltage (β) transfer of CCDDCCTA and hence modified port relationships with current and voltage transfer non-ideality can be expressed in matrix form as where, voltage tracking error coefficient 1 β , 2 β and 3 β are from Y 1 , Y 2 and Y 3 terminals to X terminal re- spectively.The current tracking error coefficient α is from X to Z terminal.The current gain coefficient γ is from Z terminal to O terminal.Considering these tracking coefficient, modified output current of the circuit is obtained as: The filter parameters can be expressed as It is noticed that the non-idealities affect the parameters of the filter.The sensitivity analysis of 0 ω , 0 Q and BW results as follows: It reveals that with non-ideality; the sensitivity is still low and magnitude is within unity.
The second non-ideality comes due to the parasites of CCDDCCTA comprising of capacitances and resistances connected in parallel at Z, O and Y terminals.The effect of these parasites is very much dependent on the circuit topology.The current mode universal filter with non-ideality is shown in Figure 4.The modified capacitances are and modified resistances/conductances are ( )

Simulation Result and Discussion
The current mode universal filter as proposed in Figure 3 is simulated with PSPICE.The 0.25 µm CMOS TSMC technology process parameters are used for simulation.The aspect ratio of various transistors is stated in Table 2.The supply voltages of ±1.25 V and V BB = −0.8V are used.To design the filter for a pole frequency of 0 f = 1.28 MHz and quality factor 0 Q = 1, the component values are taken as C 1 = C 2 = 100 pF and bias current as I B1 = 25 µA and I B2 = 200 µA.The input for each filter realization is selected as per Table 1.Figures 5-8 shows the simulated and theoretical low pass, high pass, band pass and notch responses respectively.The value of I B1 is set as 12.5 µA and I B2 = 200 µA for the realization of all pass responses as shown in Figure 9.
To test the orthogonal variation of 0 f with 0 Q , a band pass filter is chosen.The variation of 0 f with 0 Q = 1 is shown in Figure 10 for different value of bias currents (I B2 = 8 I B1 ) as given in Table 3. Similarly Figure 11 shows orthogonal adjustment of 0 Q with 0 f = 1.28 MHz for different value of I B1 and I B2 as mentioned in Table 4.
It is well known that a little tolerance of the value of the various components occurs during manufacturing and even afterword resulting in deviation of various parameters of filters such as central frequency, quality factor and bandwidth from its designed values.The collection of statistical data due to tolerance of passive components is obtained using Monte-Carlo analysis for band pass filter.As an example, for a 100 pF ± 5% capacitor, the actual measured capacitor value to be somewhere between 95 pF and 105 pF.Monte-Carlo runs to cover as           It is found that the %THD is well within the tolerance range of 5%.
Comparative study of different available implementation of current mode MISO universal filters is given in Table 5.It is evident that most of the circuits suffers from one or more weakness in comparison to the proposed one.However circuits proposed in [17] [19] uses one active building block as that of the proposed one.The circuit of [17] uses excessive number of passive components and is comparable to the proposed one.

Conclusion
Current mode universal filter using current controlled differential difference current conveyor transconductance amplifier (CCDDCCTA) has been presented that uses two grounded capacitors and one CCDDCCTA only.It can realize high pass, low pass, band pass, notch and all pass responses from the same topology.The filter parameter can be electronically adjustable by bias currents I B1 and I B2 .Table 5 shows the comparative study of the available current mode building block based MISO filters.PSPICE simulation results authenticate the theoretical results.
C = , then the spread of components comes out to be 0 Q .This feature of the proposed filter allows the realization of high 0 Q with low spread of C 1 and C 2 in comparison to topologies where the spread is 0 Q or 2 0

.
Here, C Y2 , C Y3 , C Z and C O1 are the parasitic capacitances at Y 2 , Y 3 , Z and O1 terminals respectively.Similarly, R Y2 , R Y3 , R Z and R O1 are parasitic resistances at Y 2 , Y 3 , Z and O1 terminals respectively.It is evident that the effect of parasitic capacitances can be compensated by taken the external capacitances C 1 and C 2 lesser by (C Y3 + C O1 ) and (C Y2 + C Z ) respectively from their calculated values.The effect of parasitic conductances may also be made insignificant if operating frequency and value of C 1 and C 2 are chosen in such a way that

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Simulated and theoretical response for low pass filter.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Simulated and theoretical response for high pass filter.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Simulated and theoretical response for band pass filter.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Simulated and theoretical response for notch filter.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. Simulated and theoretical gain and phase response for all pass filter.

Figure 13 .
Figure 13.Monte-Carlo histogram for the BP filter.

Figure 14 .
Figure 14.Variation of %THD for band pass output response Vs input signal.

Table 1 .
The I in1 , I in2 and I in3 values selection for each filter function response.

Table 2 .
Aspect ratio of various transistors.

Table 3 .
Bias current values for orthogonal adjustment of 0 f with 0

Table 4 .
Bias current values for orthogonal adjustment of 0

Table 5 .
Comparative study of the available active element based current mode MISO universal filter.