New Voltage Mode Sinusoidal Oscillator Using Voltage Differencing Transconductance Amplifiers ( VDTAs )

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new electronically controlled voltage mode sinusoidal oscillator (VMSO) using Voltage Differencing Transconductance Amplifiers (VDTA). The proposed circuit provides electronic control of ω0 and independent condition of oscillation (CO). It is found that the oscillator works very satisfactorily and pure sinusoidal waveforms are available at the outputs. The PSPICE simulation confirms the theoretical results. The proposed oscillator circuit employs only two VDTAs, along with two grounded capacitor and single grounded resistor. The circuit exhibits low active and passive sensitivities for ω0. Simulation results are obtained by using PSPICE software with TSMC CMOS 0.18 um process parameters.


Introduction
In recent years the focus has been on the design of various applications based on advanced analog building blocks [1]- [4].Sinusoidal oscillators find wide applications in communication engineering, electronic instrumentation and control systems [5] [6].The voltage differencing transconductance amplifier (VDTA) is an active versatile building block used in the realization of analog signal processing circuits and analog wave generation.It is also attractive due to its capability of adjusting the output current gain.
However, these circuits suffer from • Lack of electronic adjustability [7].
• Excessive use of passive elements, especially external resistors.
• Use of a floating capacitor, which is not convenient to further fabrication in IC.
• Oscillation conditions (CO) and oscillation frequencies cannot be independently controllable.
The purpose of this paper is to present new voltage mode sinusoidal oscillator by using two VDTAs, two grounded capacitors and one resistor.PSPICE simulation results are provided, which verify the workability of the proposed circuit.The resulting circuit is low-power and provides independent control of the condition of oscillation (CO) and frequency of oscillation (FO).The important feature of VDTA is that this new element exhibits two different values of transconductances so that several applications such as oscillator, filters, inductance and FDNR (frequency dependent negative resistor) simulator can be realized with a single active block employing one or two capacitors.One more important feature is that this block can be used easily at transconductance mode applications such that the input terminals is voltage and output terminals is current.The proposed circuit employs minimum number of passive and active components.The use of additional VDTA facilitates the achievement of independent control of ω 0 , which is an attractive feature of the circuit.

Circuit Description
The Voltage Differencing Transconductance Amplifier (VDTA), whose schematic symbol is shown in Figure 1, consists of an input current follower that transfers the input current to the z terminal and an output transconductance amplifier stage, which is used to convert the voltage at the z terminal into output currents.Relations between the individual terminals of VDTA can be described by the following hybrid matrix: where m g is transconductance gain of the VDTA which is given by Equations ( 2 where i g is the transconductance value of i th transistor defined by

Proposed Circuit Realization of VMSO Using Voltage Differencing Transconductance Amplifier (VDTA)
The oscillator is designed by cascading an inverting second order low-pass filter and the lossless integrators as shown in Figure 3. From block diagram as shown in Figure 3, we obtain the characteristic equation of a sinusoidal oscillator as From Equation (5a), if a = c, the oscillation condition and oscillation frequency can be adjusted independently, i.e. the oscillation condition can be controlled by b and k, while the oscillation frequency can be tuned by a.The proposed voltage mode sinusoidal oscillator using VDTA is shown in Figure 4.The frequency of oscillation (FO) and condition of oscillation (CO) are found to be ( ) From the above equations it is clear that condition of oscillation can be set by , m m g g .Frequency of Therefore, the proposed circuit provides two voltage mode sinusoidal oscillations across output simultaneously.

Non Ideal and Sensitivity Analysis
The FO and CO for the circuit shown in Figure 5 are given as: ) From Figure 5, it shows that parasitic capacitances C p and C z are in parallel with the external capacitances C 1 and C 2 respectively.Therefore, the influence of the parasitic capacitances can be eliminated easily by reducing the values of external capacitances.If x R − is infinite, the frequency of oscillation and condition of oscillation are independently tunable even under the influence of VDTA parasitic.The effect of changes in active and passive element values is determined by evaluating sensitivity coefficients which are found to be Therefore, all the active and passive sensitivities of ω 0 are low.The non ideal equivalent circuit of proposed oscillator under the influence of VDTA parasitic [14] is shown in Figure 5.

Simulation Results
The performance of the proposed voltage mode sinusoidal oscillator circuit in Figure 4 has been verified by PSPICE simulation results.The PMOS and NMOS transistors have been simulated by respectively using the parameters of a 0.18 µm TSMC CMOS technology [11] [18].The aspect ratios of PMOS and NMOS transistors are indicated in Table 1.The circuit was biased with ±0.9 V power supply voltage, 0.55  6) and ( 7).Frequency of oscillation was found to be f 0 = 15.56MHz.

Conclusion
In this paper, a new VMSO using VDTAs (Voltage Differencing Tranconductance Amplifier) is presented as shown in the PSPICE.The circuit is realized by using two VDTAs, two grounded capacitors and one resistor.The circuit has the features of low active and passive sensitivities, low voltage supply and large bandwidth.It has low-input and high-output impedances and is also convenient for electronic controllability through transconductance gain g m of VDTAs.

2 .
) & (3).Internal construction of VDTA used for simulation is shown in Figure The introduced circuit employs two transconductances.Input and output transconductances parameters of VDTA element in the circuit are determined by the transconductance of outputs transistors.It can be approximated as

Figure 2 . 4 .
Figure 2. Internal construction of VDTA using CMOS used for simulation.
Equation (5a), the condition of oscillation (OC) and frequency of oscillation (FO) can be written as OC : ab ck =

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Block diagram for the design of proposed oscillator.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Proposed VMSO using VDTA.oscillation is controlled independently by 1 m g which is independent of CO.The voltage mode transfer function

Figure 6 ,
and the parasitic capacitance at the Z terminal is specified as C p = 0.15 pF.The values of the capacitors were chosen astime domain response of the proposed VMSO using VDTA is shown using PSPICE 16.3 which confirms the validity of design equations of oscillator shown in Equations (

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Non ideal equivalent circuit of proposed VMSO.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Time domain response of the proposed VMSO using VDTA.

Table 1 .
Dimensions of the transistors.