The Role of Human Resource Information System in the Process of Manpower Activities

The evolution of technology has encouraged organizations to use human resource information systems (HRIS). HRIS is perceived to contribute to the effectiveness of manpower activities (human resources planning) in organizations. This paper interviewed two HRIS managers in the hospitality industry in Greater Region (Ghana) to identify the benefits, contributions and the challenges of HRIS. It was revealed that HRIS identified unfilled positions, accurately analyzed each job position and its job title in the organization, providing insight into organizational training needs, selected the right persons to be trained at the right time, evaluated the effectiveness of training programs and made faster and better decisions about successor ranking. It was therefore concluded that HRIS played a major role in the management of human resources. Organizations should integrate HRIS with other organizational systems to facilitate speedily sharing of information and decision making.


Introduction
With the increasing effect of globalization and technology, organizations have started to use information systems in various functions and departments in the last decades.Human Resources Management is one of the departments that mostly use management information systems [1].Human Resources Units in organizations now place much emphasis on sharing information, especially ones that affect the workforce [2] [3].As a result, some organizations deem it fit to employ HRIS in their transactions [4].
Human Resource Information System (HRIS) is a computer-based system that is used to manage the administration of HR processes and procedures.Its purpose is to become more efficient in providing better information for decision making [5] [6].Mayfield, Mayfield and Lunce [7] added that the "functions of HRIS comply with organizational interests in maintaining and managing the human capital based on the organizational vision and the strategy of achieving that vision".This contributes to effective decision making which may guide spending of human resources in an organization.
According to Kumar [8], to meet the competition in the global market, firms need to balance their available resources (human and capital) to achieve the desired profitability and survival.It is believed that management of human resources is the most important function for every organization that wants to have a competitive edge over its competitors because systems in organizations are formed and ran by humans.This paper therefore researched into the benefits of HRIS, its contributions to organizations and the challenges associated with its usage.
The research reviewed various articles to understand the concept of HRIS, and interviewed HRIS managers to identify the benefits and contributions of HRIS, the challenges of using this system, profiled findings, conclusion and recommendations of the study.

Literature Review
It is perceived that technology is everything to human existence.It is assumed by Mathis and Jackson [9] that technology enhances human resource (HR) activities at the workplace (2010).In support of that Lederer [4] declared that HRIS has been in operation since 1960s (1984).Researchers averred that whenever HRIS function was computerized, fast decision making was able to take place in the development, planning, and administration of HR because data became much easier to store, retrieve, update, classify, and analyze.Therefore, HRIS can strengthen an organization's character in general [10].Tracking information concerning an applicant's or an employee's qualifications and demographics, recruitment, professional development, performance evaluation, payroll, retention, and attrition are essential for success at the HR functional level (Harris and Desimone, 1995); so the introduction of HRIS.
HRIS applications show contrast in its functionality from administrative applications, talent management applications, workforce management applications, service delivery applications and workforce analysis and decision support applications [11] [12].This means a shift has been made from labour-intensive HRM to technology-intensive HRM.

Objectives of Human Resource Information Systems
HRIS function was computerized for fast decision-making to take place in the development, planning, and administration of HR because it makes data easier to store, retrieve, update, classify, and analyze in an organization [10].Rao [13], therefore, submits that HRIS is designed to achieve the following objectives:  To offer an adequate, comprehensive and ongoing information system about the people and the job;  To supply up to date information at reasonable cost;  To offer data security and personal privacy.

Types of Human Resource Information System
Information systems increase administrative efficiency and produce reports capable of improving decision making [14].Based on this premise, Kumar (2012) [10] identified three dimensions of HRIS: o Operational Human Resource Information System- Kumar (2012) [10] stated that an operational human resource information system provides the manager with data to support routine and repetitive human resource decisions; a number of operational level information systems collect the data relating to human resources including the information about the organization's positions, workforce and governmental regulations.o Tactical Human Resource Information System-are used to provide managers with support for decisions related with allocation of resources [15].Major important decisions in human resource management include recruitment decisions; job analysis and design decisions, training and development decisions, and employee compensation plan decisions [15].o Strategic Human Resource Information System-helps the organization to implement strategic human resource management [10].

Needs of Human Resource Information System in Organizations
There are several rationales for using HRIS in organizations.Thite and Kavanagh [16] seem to suggest that:  HRIS gives holistic knowledge about operations which can be shared among departments/units within the companies;  It provides opportunity for companies to gather data to improve on time and quality of decision making;  It provides variety of reports to boost good organization of administrative functions.
Hendrickson [17] averred that execution of HRIS changes traditional HR procedures.It is expected that HRIS will provide practical steps for realization of departmental goals.He, therefore, postulated some justifications base on the following elements: Cost decrease, Saving Time, Competency Management, and Knowledge Management.

Overview of Manpower Planning Process
Forecasting of staff requirements is well established in Human Resource Management vocabulary.It is assumed that manpower planning (human resource planning) has influence on companies' performance because whatever businesses do, they cannot ignore the human aspect.Therefore, Armstrong [18] seems to suggest that manpower planning contributes to organizations earnings/returns by reducing costs, employees training, associating with modern environmental and technological changes are several considerable advantages of human resource planning.
By observation, a considerable number of management challenges may be resolved through the recruitment of capable employees.
In addition, Tansley, Newell and William [19] identified four manpower planning activities, namely,  Staffing: This HR activity cannot be overlooked in any established enterprise.They indicated that staffing enables companies to know current employees strength in order to predict for the future. Training and Development: Usually done to beef up employees capabilities to meet current business trends.
This HR activity is enforced often after conducting performance appraisal.By this means, training and development might assist management to identify labour deficiencies, if any, in the company. Career Development: Career development appears to be a crucial HR exercise which project into the future.
This practice seems to endorse succession planning principles to guarantee the enterprises continual existence.Career development gives employees the chance to upgrade themselves for mutual benefit.This HR activity creates the platform to either add to the number of employees or lessen the size. Downsizings: Management decision with respect to upcoming downsizing should be reported to officers to prevent any operations interruption.

The Role of Human Resource Information System in the Process of Manpower Activities
Barron, Chhabra, Hanscome and Henson [20] perceived HRIS to emphasize mainly the "retention of capable employees and the reduction costs associated with maintaining them".HRIS also gives opportunity to HR professionals to enhance their contribution to the long-term plan of enterprises [21].Firstly, by automating and devolving many routine HR tasks to line management, HRIS provide HR professionals with the time needed to direct their attention towards more business critical and strategic level tasks, such as leadership development and talent management [21].
Secondly, HRIS provides an opportunity for HR to play a more strategic role, through their ability to generate metrics which can be used to support strategic decision making [17] [22] [23].
Thirdly, HRIS support long range planning with information for labour force planning and supply and demand forecast; staffing with information on equal employment, separations and applicant qualifications; and development with information on training programs, salary forecasts, pay budgets and labour or employee rela-tions with information on contract negotiations and employee assistance needs [24] [25].
Fourthly, Risk and security management is another crucial function which can be derived by HRIS by following private and highly sensitive individual data and multiplatform security aspects which are perhaps the most serious factors that need to be taken into consideration [26].
Dessler [27] added that, HRIS influence manpower activities by:  Making a regular analysis of the human resource needs of the company through matching the supply of human resource with the demand for it, the system identifies unfilled positions accurately;  Provides insights into organizational training needs by identifying deficiencies in employee's performance and then select the right persons to be trained at the right time after which the system evaluates the effectiveness of the training programs.Wiblen, Grant and Dery [28] also asserted that, the performance related data and productivity information data embedded in the HRIS is used as evidence in employee grievance matters; careful documentation of employee performance, method of measuring the performance of employees and reporting system, which is critical to organizations.

Methodology
Cross-sectional descriptive research was used base on the distinctiveness of the observed facts.The population, however, included hotels in Greater Accra Region (Ghana) that use HRIS in their operations.Purposive sampling technique was employed to sample two (2) HRIS managers who were interviewed afterwards.Provision was made to record the conversation yet the in-charge was not comfortable with such medium.The researchers noted the responses given by the managers and afterwards were transcribed.Consensus was reached concerning the period for interactions among the Researchers and the Informants for mutual benefits.The Instrument for the study was structured interview and the specific core themes derived from the interview were developed for the content analysis including Cross-tabulation and Chi-square statistical tool.

Findings and Discussion
Hotel A: The HR Manager holds a Bachelor's Degree in Human Resource Management and has worked more than four (4) years.According to informant A, the hotel has above 100 employees; uses the HRIS "Persol" which has been implemented over five (5) years and is interact with only the Human Resource Professionals in the company.
Hotel B: The informant has a Bachelor's degree in Human Resource Management; a Master's degree in Accounting and Finance, and has worked as the Human Resource officer for more than four years.The information in Table 1 indicates that the interviewees familiar with HRIS since they have being using the system for more than four years.A careful synthesis of the responses from A and B revealed that though using different systems, generally, there are many benefits (value) manpower activities derive from the HRIS, and this can be seen with regards to the responses give in Table 2.That is, the use of HRIS helps to identify unfilled positions accurately and analyze each job position with its title in an organization.It also provides insight into organizational training needs, select the right persons to be trained and evaluates the effectiveness of training programs.These findings are in agreement with Dessler [27].He indicated that, HRIS influence manpower activities by:  Making a regular analysis of the human resource needs of the company through matching the supply of human resource with the demand for it, the system identifies unfilled positions accurately;  Provides insights into organizational training needs by identifying deficiencies in employee's performance and then select the right persons to be trained at the right time after which the system evaluates the effectiveness of the training programs.Also, both A and B agreed that the system enhance faster and better decisions about successor ranking by identifying specific key positions and targeting specific employees as potential successors.However, the use of the system does not reduce recruitment cost.

Table 1. Summary of informants and company profile.
With regards to HRIS contribution to effective succession planning, three main factors were identified in Table 3.These include identifying specific key positions and target specific employees as potential successors, making better and faster decisions about talent pipeline and successor ranking, and identifying and tracking high potential employees and implement development plans.This findings affirm what Dessler [25], Shiri [24] and Shibly [29] said that HR planning with HRIS makes it easier to follow workforce gaps, supports long range planning with information for labour force planning and supply and demand forecast; staffing with information on equal employment, separations and applicant qualifications; and development with information on training programs, salary forecasts, pay budgets and labour/employee relations with information on contract negotiations and employee assistance needs with the help of HR knowledge systems On the issue of performance management with HRIS, three main factors were also identified in this section; analyzing employees' skills and qualification, monitoring the progress of aligning employees' goals with corporate goals, and supporting performance-oriented compensation process.It confirmed the study conducted by Wiblen, Grant and Dery [28] who asserted in their findings that the performance related data and productivity information data embedded in the HRIS is used as evidence in employee grievance matters; careful documentation of employee performance, method of measuring the performance of employees and reporting system, which is critical to organizations.The chi-square test further revealed that, at 99% confidence level, these contributions of HRIS to the organizations are very significant.
Considering Table 4, four (4) main challenges were identified as the main challenges associated with Manpower activities in the organizations which included; forecasting demand and supply of labour, access to information, cost of recruitment and workforce shortage.The Chi-square test further revealed that these challenges are very significant at 1% significant level.This implies that, at 99% confidence level, we can conclude that these factors associated with Manpower activities significantly affected both organizations prior and after the introduction of the HRIS.

Conclusion
HRIS is an integrated system used to gather, store and analyze information regarding an organization's human resources' comprising databases, computer applications, and hardware and software necessary to collect, record, store, manage, deliver, present and manipulate data for human resources function [29].The study concludes that HRIS is an excellent tool for Human Resource Planning (HRP).It enhances the identification of unfilled positions accurately and analyzes each job position with its title in an organization.It also provides insight into organizational training needs, selects the right persons to be trained and evaluates the effectiveness of training programs, but has the challenges of forecasting demand and supply of labour, access to information, cost of recruitment and workforce shortage.

Recommendations
Considering the findings, the study recommended that in using human resource information system, organizations should integrate the HRIS system with other organizational systems to speed information sharing and decision making.
The disguised hotels may also contact educational institutions like training colleges, polytechnics and universities in order to cope with the challenge of workforce shortages timely.By doing this, organizations will have information concerning labour and thereby reduce labour shortage challenges.
Further, they should implement the recommendation from their HRIS concerning succession planning and training of employees in order to accomplish the desired performance of the organization.
with other systems No Yes Who interacts with the HRIS HR professionals HR professionals Source: Researchers field work (2015).

Table 2 .
Benefits of human resource information systems.

Table 3 .
Contributions of HRIS to organizations.

Table 4 .
Challenges associated with manpower activities.