A Casimir-Dark Energy Nano Reactor Design—Phase One

A phase one design of a new free energy nano reactor is presented. The design is based on a basically topological interpretation of the Casimir effect as a natural intrinsic property of the geometrical topological structure of the quantum-Cantorian micro spacetime. In particular we view dark energy, Hawking negative energy, Unruh temperature and zero point vacuum energy as being different sides of the same multi-dimensional coin. This new interpretation compliments the earlier conventional interpretation as vacuum fluctuation or as a Schwinger source and links the Casimir energy to the so-called missing dark energy density of the cosmos. We start with a general outline of the theoretical principle and basic design concepts of a proposed Casimir dark energy nano reactor. In a nutshell the theory and consequently the actual design depend crucially upon the equivalence between the dark energy density of the cosmos and the faint local Casimir effect produced by two sides boundary condition quantum waves. This Casimir effect is then colossally amplified as a one internal quantum wave representing a Hartle-Hawking state vector of the universe pushing from the inside against the boundary of the universe with nothing balancing it from the non-existent outside. This strange situation becomes completely natural and logical when we remember that the boundary of the universe is a one sided Möbius like manifold. In view of the present theory, this is essentially what leads to the observed accelerated expansion of the cosmos. As in any reactor, the basic principle in the present design is to produce a gradient so that the excess energy on one side flows to the other side. Thus in principle we will restructure the local topology of space using material nanoscience technology to create an artificial local high dimensionality with a Dvoretzky theorem like 96 percent volume measure concentration. Without going into the intricate nonlinear dynamics and technological detail, it is fair to say that this would lead us to pure, clean, free energy obtained directly from the topology of spacetime via an artificial singularity. Needless to say, the entire design is based completely on the theory of quantum wave dark energy proposed by the present author for the first time in 2011 in a conference held in the Bibliotheca Alexandrina, Egypt and a little later in Shanghai, Republic of China. The quintessence of the This paper is dedicated to the memory of an unusual visionary and inventor, Nikola Tesla who died by pure coincidence in the same year that I was born in Egypt, 1943.

present theory is easily explained as the 3   φ intrinsic Casimir topological energy where ( ) is produced from the zero set φ of the quantum particle when we extract the empty set quantum wave 2   φ from it and find 2 3

Introduction-Setting the Scene
In the present work we present phase one of an Avant projet for a nano Casimir-dark energy reactor (see Figures 1-4).In addition to that two different important messages are communicated, a scientific one centered around the quantum vacuum as a source of energy [1]- [58] and a socio-economical, political message that we must invest in this new revolutionary source of energy [59]- [61].The idea of zero point energy and the fluctuation of vacuum may seem at first glance to be more science fiction than science fact.However there is, since quite some time, a host of hard core experimental evidence that the vacuum may be more real ad fundamental than most of what we habitually consider the materialistic reality of physical phenomenon [1]- [74].We just need to mention in this context the Lamb shift, Schwinger correction [62]- [66] and the van der Waals forces to realize how physical and real the vacuum is [22]- [24] [28].Nonetheless, and we do not think it is a minority opinion; nothing could be more impressive and inspiring as the Casimir effect (Figure 1) [22]- [24].This effect is a natural consequence and The classical experimental set up of the Casimir effect as the basic idea behind the present work [22]- [24] [62]- [66] is best visualized and understood using a hydrodynamical analogy.Suppose we put two walls in relatively shallow water near to the shore with the reasonable objective of building a small boats harbour.Clearly within the two walls constituting the harbour, there will only be moderate water wavelets.Outside however we have the open sea with its relatively strong waves that would have the effect of pushing the walls towards each other being much stronger than the waves between the two walls.In this analogy the open sea is the vacuum of fractal-Cantorian spacetime while the waves are the quantum waves of quantum field theory and finally the two walls are our two Casimir plates as shown in the figure.The most famous paper party trick is the Möbius strip.This is a well known one sided surface which mathematicians call one dimensional non-orientable manifold.The Klein bottle is also a well known generalization of a Möbius strip representing a bottle which does not have a distinct inside and an outside.The generalization does not stop here and there are categories of Kleinian groups [29] [32] that live in higher dimensionalities representing a generalization of Klein's bottle.We conjectured in the present work that the boundary of the boundary of the universe is such a one sided structure so that all these little Casimir effects ramify at the one sided boundary of the universe and becomes this force causing the accelerated cosmic expansion which we attribute to the conjectured missing dark energy.we give the layout of a reactor tree made of modular units on all scales like a fractal.We stress that these are not actual drawing board designs; (b) In this figure we have a bird's eye view of our fractal tree [72] [73] where the branches cannot be seen except as contact points of a sphere packing arrangement like lattice animals [50]- [53].The connection to our Cantorian E-infinity spacetime becomes evident when we remember that a non-compactified holographic boundary of the Kleinian curve type has 336 units or degrees of freedom.In the fractal, i.e. compactified case we have 16 3 k  more where ( ) represent in effect a nano universe with a nano holographic horizon and how we in principle could extract the 95.5 per cent energy as per our dark energy theory and in conformity with Dvoretzky's theorem [3]- [6].The actual design of the devise shown here is not of direct relevance for the limited purpose of the present discussion and should for the moment be understood symbolically.The actual design which is not shown here is protected by a patent and legal documents are in progress.
fundamental aspect of quantum field theory.There are at least two fundamental interpretations of this miraculous effect [63] [64].The first is loosely connected to boundary conditions and the zero point quantum vacuum fluctuation which may be the common way of looking at the Casimir effect within the physicists working community.The second, which may be more theoretical and fundamental, is to see Casimir as a source in the mold of J. Schwinger's way of thinking and not far from the Casimir operators of quantum field theory [62] [63] [66].Thus we could look upon the Casimir effect as a member of the same family of Hawking's negative energy fluctuation around a black hole or as Unruh's temperature for an accelerated universe, observed in a Rindler wedge.Alternatively we could follow Schwinger's ideas and see it as something related to a fundamental mathematical scenario such as the Banach-Tarski theorem advanced for the first time in the cosmology of the big bang by the present author [67] [68].
In the present paper however we opted for a rather different point of viewing the Casimir effect as a natural topological necessity of a Cantorian spacetime fabric which was woven from an infinite number of zero Cantor sets and empty Cantor sets and dispensed in the way from invoking the idea of virtual photons [37].In the present paper the zero set is taken following von Neumann-Connes dimensional function to model the quantum particles while the empty set models the quantum wave.Following this road we come to realize that the Casimir latent energy is nothing but the universal fluctuation 3 φ which gives birth to the core of Cantorian-fractal spacetime by inversion . In turn this is nothing but the difference between the Hausdorff dimension of the particle zero set φ and the wave empty set 2 φ .The result not surprisingly is almost equal to double the value found using imaginative modification of the classical Casimir experiment by Zee [62] who found the dimensionless Casimir energy to be π 24 0.1308  [62].Using E-infinity methodological reasoning, the exact value of Zee in the limit must be the ratio of the dimensionality of a Calabi-Yau transfinite manifold 6 + k = 6.18033889 and the transfinite dimension of bosonic string theory, i.e.

That means (
) ( Needless to say, the division by 2 is due to the subdivision of the "vacuum" of E-infinity theory and is analogous to divide Hardy's entanglement ( ) 5   P H φ = by 2 to obtain the density of the ordinary measurable energy of the cosmos ( ) ( ) The dimensional quantity analogous to mc 2 for the Casimir effect is trivially clear to be h c , where c is the speed of light and h is the Planck quantum.From this new topological interpretation, it becomes obvious that Casimir 3 φ is the counterfactual or global part of Hardy's entanglement ( ) ( )( ) where n is the number of quantum particles and is found for n = 0.It is therefore closely related to the Unruh temperature where n = 1, the Immirzi parameter n = 3 as well as Hardy's generic quantum-topological entanglement n = 2.These insights are not only simple mathematical insights.It goes far beyond that and suggests that Casimir energy and dark energy are two sides of the same coin, differing only with regard to exo-and endo-boundary conditions [6] [7] which will be made clearer in the main body of the present work.Second, by manipulating the local dimensionality of spacetime using an elaborate and complex setup of Casimir plates system, we could build a nano universe and extract its 96% dark energy concentrated at its boundary (Figure 4).The way to do this economically may be five, ten or more years of experimental work using the modern developments of cutting edge nanotechnology [1].Nevertheless, the promise of near to infinite, clean, free energy is a goal worth any effort and the financial risks are minimal compared to the possible gains, so let the present modest steps be the first into this new world of a nano, Casimir-dark energy of a spacetime artificial singularity reactor.

Important Remarks for Later Use
Based on his E-infinity Cantorian spacetime theory [1]- [21], it was recently argued by the author that the Casimir effect is a local manifestation of the quantum wave while dark energy is the global manifestation of the same [1].The only difference is that of the details of the boundary conditions [1] [2].It was further reasoned by the author that the universe as a whole has a one sided boundary akin to that of higher dimensional Möbius (Figure 2) band or if you want, a sub-Kleinian group and consequently the "local" Casimir effect ramifies at this one sided boundary located at infinity to produce the negative gravity pressure of the conjectured dark energy [1]- [3].In other words, three rather mysterious physical notions are tied together and explained in terms of each other.At the top resides the quantum wave [4], which is not a mathematical artifact [4]- [8] but according to E-infinity theory of dark energy, a real physical entity fully described by the empty set fixed by Connes-El Naschie bi dimension ( ) 2 1,φ − where ( ) [8].On the other hand the gradient caused by different wave energy density in different bounded regions of space compared to the unbounded outside of the same space is behind the Casimir forces which in the limit can be show to be equal to the difference between the quantum zero set ( ) 0,φ and the wave empty set ( ) φ φ φ − = topological energy pressure [1] [5]- [8].Finally at the edge of the universe there is only internal Casimir quantum wave pressure not balanced by outside pressure which is the dark energy concentration of 96 percent as per the consequences of Dvoretzky's theorem and the present author's dissection of Einstein's E = mc 2 to E(O) = mc 2 /22 for ordinary energy of the quantum particle and E(D) = mc 2 (21/22) for the dark energy of the quantum wave (see Figure 3) [7] [8].
The sources of the ideas contained in the present work go back to many years ago when we attempted to improve on the traditional fast and slow fission reactors using the modern mathematics of fractals and nonlinear dynamics [9]- [17].The second source is our recent reinterpretation of Einstein's E = mc 2 and finally the third source is the unexpected results of the earlier mentioned Dvoretzky's theorem of Banach spaces [3] [6].However in the final analysis building an actual reactor could not be possible, not even in principle, without first a sound theory [1]- [56] and second the combination of modern nanotechnology and state of the art Casimir effect experimentation [18]- [24].In addition a reasonable amount of imaginative thinking similar to that of the man who is famed for inventing the 20 th century is also recommended [49] [57].
To keep the present paper short and yet to cover the large amount of the needed prerequisites we opted for a condensed presentation coupled to a large number of references.We recommend to start by reading Ref. 1 and Ref. 60, then it is a personal choice of how to proceed after that.

The "One Sided" Möbius Strip in Higher Dimensions as the Boundary of the Holographic Boundary
The holographic boundary theory goes back to the pioneering work of 'tHooft and Susskind [25]- [27].On the other hand the principle that the boundary of a boundary is zero goes back to the out of the box thinking of J.A. Wheeler [28].Pushing their ideas further still, it became obvious to the present author that the boundary of the holographic boundary is not only a zero limit set but actually a hierarchy of empty and emptier still sets ramifying at a most general form of a one sided higher dimensional Möbius band [28]- [33].This limit set resembles a fundamental polyhedron group or better still, a Schottky-Kleinian group (Figure 2) [29]- [33] which changes the topology of our conventional Casimir experiment to that of a sphere with internal Casimir pressure inflating the balloon-like universe and makes it expand into the surrounding "nothingness" fixed by the well known E-infinity formula ( ) ( ) [34].From the preceding elementary reasoning it is clear that Casimir-effect and dark energy have the same cause, namely the topology of a Banach-spacetime like manifold and the only difference, as we mentioned and stressed repeatedly earlier on, is the difference of local exophysics and global endophysics and the respective associated boundary conditions [1] [2].There is already a vast body of literature on the subject published in the last three years alone by the present author and his associates [1]- [56].However what we are aiming at in the present paper is to point out the way to move from theory to useful, practical application of which nothing could be more important and pressing than building a free energy reactor, based on real science rather than wishful thinking.Thus we will combine the dreams of great and grossly undervalued visionaries like N. Tesla with hardnosed modern mathematics and physics due to 'tHooft, Witten, Penrose, Hawking, Kerr, Dovertzky, Binnig and many other pioneers which were not yet available in the time of Tesla [49].As we said we are of course in a far better position than Tesla because we can fall back on modern results both theoretical and experimental in black holes and fractal research [71]- [74].

Nano Science and Engineering
There has been no want of imaginative experimental set ups for measuring, testing and visualizing the Casimir effect since it was proposed by Dutch physicist, H. Casimir [22]- [24].In recent years nanotechnology invaded all scientific fields and played a significant role in Casimir effect experiments.Thanks to E-infinity we now know that the true physical-mathematical connection between dark energy and the Casimir effect.A natural consequence of this discovered reality of the quantum wave, is rendering it a relatively simple task to find a way to harness dark energy or Casimir energy.Of course this "simple" is extremely difficult but no longer impossible.As mentioned earlier on, we are aided in our quest for a Casimir reactor by the many wonderful results obtained in fractal sciences and the geometry of black holes [71]- [74].
We can start with a highly complex sub-structuring of space using nano tubes and nano particles and create that way nanosphere packing modeling the moonshine conjecture that relates superstrings to other fields of theoretical physics.We presently have, in embryonic form, the main idea of constructing a nano universe and extracting dark energy from its nano boundary of its holographic boundary.Our program to actually extract energy from such a nano reactor may still need five or more years but the road is marked and reasonably clear.It is only at the edge of the universe that 96% of the energy resides as dark energy.However we could create many nano universes from which its 96% energy concentration could be extracted without actually reaching to the boundary of our universe (see Figures 2-4) [3]- [8].Thus while we need to minimize or eliminate the Casimir effect when manufacturing nano devices, here we do the opposite by maximizing the Casimir effect using nano technology.

Concepts of Planned Laboratory Work
In noncommutative geometry as well as E-infinity theory, the Penrose universe plays a significant role as a generic concrete model for both theories [50]- [53].On the other hand Penrose universe or Penrose fractal tiling is basically a quasi-crystal mathematical model with the forbidden 5-fold symmetry [53] [54].This form of matter not found naturally on earth, was produced experimentally by the great Israeli engineer D. Schechtman, who after facing a long period of fierce opposition from high profile scientists, for instance Nobel Laureate Linus Pauling, was rehabilitated and bestowed with a Nobel Prize.The 5 fold symmetry could be thought of theoretically as five Kaluza-Klein dimensions and using nano particles and nano tubes combinations we could build in the lab a nano holographic universe [5]- [8] akin to our own from which energy could be experimented with and extracted.For sure it will be a journey in unchartered seas with many trials and errors but sooner or later we will find out the right road to a Casimir dark energy nano reactor [1] [22].There are other conceivable ways of producing artificial nano universes with high dimensionality for Dvoretzky's theorem to be applicable.For instance we could use Ji-Huan He's ten dimensional polytope [42] as a skeleton to grow on it a hierarchy of nano particles using the methods applied in the clustering of diffusion limited aggregation.In other words, we can let our scientific imagination run free but checked with E-infinity mathematical rigor and nanotechnological facts.

E-Infinity Topological Interpretation of the Casimir-Dark Energy Density
It may come as a pleasant mild surprise that exact limits could easily be established for Casimir-dark energy using nothing more than the topology of our E-infinity Cantorian spacetime [56] [60].We can do this in a variety of ways which are essentially tautologies leading to the same basic conclusion in the limit.Thus we could view the energy density of the space outside the two Casimir plates as that of Einstein's E = mc 2 density, i.e. ( ) Inside the plate the energy density in the limit could only be a statical, quasi potential energy of the quantum particle, i.e.E = mc 2 /22 and consequently ( ) . It follows then that the net pressure of the Casimir plates must be ( ) 21 22 − = which is, in the meantime rather well known, as the dark energy density of spacetime.
A second way to interpret the same situation and reach the same result is to argue that within the Casimir plates there is no "space" except for the empty set with a Hausdorff dimension 2 φ where ( ) the other hand we have the zero set.The difference is a net φ [60].That way the Casimir effect could be set in the limit equal to 3 φ and may easily be seen to be a relative to the Immirzi parameter 6 φ and the Unruh temperature 4 φ apart of Hardy's entanglement 5 φ , i.e. a member of a generalized quantum-topological entanglement family as mentioned earlier on [60].In other words we have resorted here to a form of topological pressure which may be a new notion to many readers.Never the less this topological pressure is far more general and understandable than the ad hoc introduction of virtual photons used to explain the Casimir force.Incidentally the Casimir is easily made intuitive using the Harper effect of hydrodynamics.It is the quantum wave and not the Casimir effect which is not intuitive.

Recapitulation of the Most Important Points So Far
It would be a gross error to place the present nano reactor proposal within the context of science fiction.There is definitely a trivial element of speculation and trial and error but that is all.Exploding stars and galaxies are scientific facts.Consequently to presume that these are only topological defects in to near infinitely large spacetime is not outlandish nor science fiction [54]- [56].In fact the near identity of the Casimir effect and dark energy and the fact that both originate from the quantum wave aspect of quantum mechanics clearly shows to any open minded scientific thinker that to pursue clean free energy is not a scientific "crackpot" idea but a real and reachable aim.I ask the sensitive reader to forgive me for using the ugly word "crackpot" which is not a proper English word but merely slang which invaded the scientific English language like a virus.The 4.5% of ordinary energy in the universe is nothing but the multiplicative volume of a five dimensional K-K zero set while the 95.5% dark energy is the additive volume of the same 5D Kaluza-Klein empty set [34].Seen that way we think that making humanity free from oil and traditional sources of energy is a higher and moral aim worth investing heavily in for what is a million or even billion dollar research grant funding compared to the three trillion dollar Iraq war [59].In fact the highly enlightened rules of the United Arab Emirates are already looking towards a future free of oil based energy [61].It was Nobel Laureate in Economics, Prof. J. Stiglitz who calculated with Prof. L. Bilmes the true cost of the Iraq war for the USA.The staggering three trillion dollars do not actually include the loss and destruction for the economy of the entire world.The author dares to say with a tongue in cheek, that the mere sight of only one trillion dollars funding for our nano Casimir-dark energy reactor is sufficient to make this reactor spontaneously pop out of spacetime like virtual particles!The author, who was born and raised in the Middle East with its unrivalled rich history and unparalleled chequered present day politics feels morally obliged to call all the governments of the region to participate in a new dawn of science and life.

Casimir-Dark Energy Reactor Phase I
Building a reactor is predominantly more of an engineering task than it is a scientific one.The present reactor is definitely an exception because it is extremely unusual.It could be said that it is a twenty second century project which by providence or design decided to materialize in the twenty first century.In a sense our reactor is emulating the very act of creation, inspired by it and supported by science and hard facts.However in such a situation we need to combine all what we have as a human and not only our ability for logical deduction and classification.Besides our scientific brain power we need our engineering as well as artistic imagination and to embark upon a road of illumination by simple trial and error similar to that which was taken to decipher the genome [69] and defeat cancer [70].In Figures 1-4 we have in all six pictures to guide us along the aforementioned trail to a real Casimir-dark energy powered reactor.We have purposefully used the French word Avant projet used in the building industry all over the Middle East to signal that it is the beginning of a huge engineering project and that so far we have solved the theoretical part and moved towards the first phase of physical implementation which the reader will surely understand must be protected by an appropriate patent which we hope will be in place in the not too distant future.For the moment we just mention Refs.[71]- [73] on fractals and the work of R. Kerr to fill the gaps.

A Sharper Triadic Picture of Cantorian Spacetime
It is obvious that the transactions of the proceeding discussion and analysis have sharpened our conception of quantum-Cantorian spacetime.We see now that quantum particles are zero sets moving towards being either Schwarzschild black holes or spinning Kerr black holes.Surrounding the zero set quantum particle we have the quantum wave empty set with the noncommutative or E-infinity bi-dimensions ( ) ( ) φ average topological Casimir pressure is more satisfactory than any previous picture which was presented in the past.

Conclusion-Only a Preliminary One
It is not really an exaggeration when the present author admits that every paper he writes on the present subject becomes outdated by more insights in the same positive direction almost on a monthly basis, such as the speed of development in the current research.In the present paper we have made some substantial progress in the road towards the dream of spacetime free energy via two real experimentally and observationally documented facts, namely the Casimir effect as well as the accelerated expansion of the cosmos attributed to dark energy.We were able to show here that E = mc of Einstein cannot be dissected to E = E(O) + E(D) = mc 2 , where E(O) = mc 2 /22 is the ordinary energy of the quantum particle and E(D) = mc 2 (21/22) is the dark energy density of the quantum wave, but it can be split down into three parts, namely ordinary energy as well as dark matter energy E(DM) = mc 2 (5/22) and pure dark energy density E(PD) = mc 2 (16/22), so that at the end we have E(O) + E(DM) + E(PD) = mc 2 exactly as Einstein showed us many years ago although neither he nor anyone else suspected for a second that E = mc 2 encapsulates in so many quantum secrets of the universe.To do that we needed the work of many scientists including Kerr and his solution as well as the work of Casimir, Penrose, Perlmuter and many others to put the present picture together piece by piece like a jigsaw puzzle.One of our most important insights gained here is undoubtedly the Möbius-like boundary of the boundary of our universe which led us to realize that dark energy expansion of the universe is a global manifestation of the local Casimir forces.
Another equally important insight is the relation between Cantorian-quantum spacetime and branching polymers and clusters like lattice animals [72] [73] which inspired us to build mini universes to be assembled using nanotechnology into an economically viable nano reactor based on the Casimir-dark energy equivalence principle outlined in this paper.Seen from our view point it is only a matter of funding and time before humanity can enjoy free spacetime Casimir energy spacetime artificial singularity [74] reactors.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.The classical experimental set up of the Casimir effect as the basic idea behind the present work [22]-[24] [62]-[66] is best visualized and understood using a hydrodynamical analogy.Suppose we put two walls in relatively shallow water near to the shore with the reasonable objective of building a small boats harbour.Clearly within the two walls constituting the harbour, there will only be moderate water wavelets.Outside however we have the open sea with its relatively strong waves that would have the effect of pushing the walls towards each other being much stronger than the waves between the two walls.In this analogy the open sea is the vacuum of fractal-Cantorian spacetime while the waves are the quantum waves of quantum field theory and finally the two walls are our two Casimir plates as shown in the figure.

Figure 2 .
Figure2.The most famous paper party trick is the Möbius strip.This is a well known one sided surface which mathematicians call one dimensional non-orientable manifold.The Klein bottle is also a well known generalization of a Möbius strip representing a bottle which does not have a distinct inside and an outside.The generalization does not stop here and there are categories of Kleinian groups[29] [32] that live in higher dimensionalities representing a generalization of Klein's bottle.We conjectured in the present work that the boundary of the boundary of the universe is such a one sided structure so that all these little Casimir effects ramify at the one sided boundary of the universe and becomes this force causing the accelerated cosmic expansion which we attribute to the conjectured missing dark energy.

Figure 3 .Figure 4 .
Figure 3.The spinning Kerr black hole [73] could be viewed as an elementary particle with all the ordinary energy concentrated inside the singularity [26] [28] [58].With E-infinity theory this amounts to 5 2 1 22 φ  of the total unit energy of E = mc 2 when setting m = c = 1 where from super space D = 8 and super string space D = 10 we just need to divide 336 + 16k = 338.8854382by (8) (10) = 80 and find our core E-236067899 [1]-[3]; (c) This figure is not an actual design.We give here only the basic idea of how every unit of Figure 4(a) and Figure 4(b) is the universal fluctuation of space-time and simply the reciprocal value of its Hausdorff dimension ( ) 52][56].Finally we could see the situation as the difference of the completely empty set in the limit, i.e. zero between the Casimir plates and the spacetime fluctuation3 surface or cobordism of the quantum particle, i.e. the zero set floating and propagating inside an infinite sea of spacetime with an average which is our quantum Cantorian-fractal micro spacetime with an expectation value for the Hausdorff dimension equal to .This triadic picture of a quantum particle zero set wrapped in a propagating quantum wave empty set and floating in a quantum spacetime which has3