Similarity and Comparison of the Electrodynamics Characteristics of Switched Reluctance Motors SRM with Those of Series DC Motors

The switched reluctance motor is appreciated in variable speed drives through his simplicity of design, his low cost, his high reliability and high ability to regulate which allow him to compete with the other common types of electric drives. The mathematical modelling of switched reluctance motors (SRM) allows his study in the areas of research and conception. In this paper, we present the developing of a methodology using the combined model of switched reluctance motor drive bases in standard equations of electrical machines with the field theory analysis of magnetic circuit. Then, the elaboration of mathematical models for switching reluctance motor (SRM) proposes his application based on a similarity with series DC motor to simplify the conception of control of electrical drives systems [1] with Closed Loop Control.

major robustness, both of which make them an interesting alternative for a number of industrial applications.Nonetheless, the SRM is a highly non-linear actuator (pronounced saturation of the magnetic circuit).
In order to analyse or control a SRM, a model must be available, which is why researchers had to come up with an electromagnetic model of a SRM.No accurate analytic model as yet exists for a SRM.The best electromagnetic model is one that most closely approaches all of the SRM's electromagnetic fields.The model must be extremely close to measurement data while being simple enough to be used for control purposes.A very simple model necessitating little calculation risks modelling the system's characteristics inaccurately, while a very accurate model requires burdensome calculations.A model that is both simple and accurate has therefore to be found in order to be able to study the SRM's behaviour.
Mathematical modelling of switched reluctance motors (SRMs) [2] [3] is still the main way of enabling their study in the fields of scientific research and design.
Creation of methods for calculation and optimisation of SRM motors' electromechanical characteristics is one of the focuses in electromechanical engineering that has seen active development over recent years.The bibliography on the problem includes a considerable number of scientific articles and works that may be grouped into three main categories: • Methods based on the electric circuits concept.
• Methods based on the magnetic fields theory.
This article proposes the combined method, bringing together the simplicity of electric circuit methods and the accuracy and polyvalence of electromagnetic field methods, which are regarded as the most perspective methods.In the case of switched reluctance motors, the combined method model enables static calculation of the electromagnetic field with use of other results obtained in the form of differential equations describing the dynamics of the electrical drive system.We will then go on to create mathematical models of the switched reluctance motor (SRM), proposing its application on the basis of similarities with the model for the series DC motor, in order to simplify the design of control systems for closed-loop electrical drives.

Theoretical Approach and Synthesis
As with all types of electric machines, an SRM's control system is composed of equations of electrical balance for each of the electric machine's stator phases, and equations for rotor movement.
The electrical relationship of the SRM stator coil's balance position is defined as follows: where U is the supply voltage.Generally speaking, the magnetic flow through coil k in an electric machine with several coils is equal to: with: k L : Inductance specific to a k phase; jk M : Mutual inductance between phases j and k .As, with symmetrical control in full step, currents overlap slightly depending on time, the equation's second term (2) may be ignored for a certain relationship between the motor's load and the number of stator coils.In this case, a coil's magnetic flow may be entirely determined by its own inductance.
As the inductance of an SRM coil depends on rotor angle in relation to the latter ( ) ) may be written as follows: Relationship (6) in its structure is identical to the relationship of a series DC motor's armature voltage [4].
( ) For the series motor, the first magnetisation curve shows that excitation flow is dependent on armature voltage.In the linear part of the curve, assuming an unsaturated magnetic circuit (before the saturation knee point), we can nonetheless write that a I Φ = ⋅ (with Constant a = ).Before the saturation knee point, flow is proportional to current I.
The main difference between SRM equations and those for DC motors lies in the influence of phase inductance, the excitation flow defining the CEMF and the electromagnetic torque on the rotor's angular position.
Consequently, it is of interest to set up the nature and parameters of the influence of phase inductance on the rotor's angular position.

Mathematical Model of the SRM's Magnetic System
Basic parameters for the SRM's equivalent schema depend on the electric machine's structure and geometry as well as on the magnetic characteristics of the materials used to construct it.These days, digital methods are applied, utilised to create simulations of the electromagnetic field.
Simulation of the magnetic field is regarded as one of the most complex and valuable methods currently used in analysis of electric machines.To respond to the question, the magnetic fields theory method has been applied increasingly over recent years as it has a number of significant advantages over other methods, including major reduction in duration and volume of the preparatory work required for determination of the magnetic circuit's parameters; virtual absence of limits to magnetic systems' physical and geometrical properties; easy determination of the characteristics of the magnetic system's (MS) design and of the specific properties of magnetic materials, and consequently, more accurate analysis of the magnetic field's distribution; and simplicity in calculating the equivalent schema's parameters and determining the machine's characteristics (phases' own and shared inductances, electromagnetic torque, speed, etc.) [5].
The finite element method (FEM) is the method most often used in digital calculation of electric machines' magnetic fields.There is a wide range of software making use of the method, including Maxwell, ELCUT, JUMP, LOMAN, FEMM and Femlab.Given that the method requires discretisation not only of the magnetic environment but of the whole space, in accordance with well-defined meshing, it is clear that creation of a more complex meshing is required, especially for the electric machine's air gap during modelling of its magnetic field, which means considerably greater complexity and volume of calculations.
The boundary integral equation (BIE) method is often applied to resolution of field problems [6].We have used it in [7] depending on the magnetic induction vector, which is conserved as a secondary dipole of the magnetic field.The method's main advantages are that it restricts calculation zones to the magnetic circuit and the relative simplicity it provides in determining a number of important factors in the magnetic system's makeup, including its non-linear anisotropy, vector hysteresis and magnetic viscosity.
The essential goal of the proposed method is determination of the distribution of magnetisation vector J within a magnetic system G created by the magnetic field of primary dipoles 0 H , in other words, coils crossed by currents.In such a case, the field resulting at whatever point of the milieu is respectively made up of primary and secondary dipoles, as follows: For a two-dimensional space [5]: with: x , y : Vector coordinates for observer points and dipole, 0 α : Cosine of unit vector 0 r direction.For a linear, isotropic milieu (unsaturated magnetic system), the integral equation depending on magnetic induction vector J [6] is expressed as: λ µ µ =− + and µ : The relative permeability of the ferromagnetic milieu.
To solve two-dimensional equations, it is helpful to use the complex form of Equation ( 11) [8]: where the symbol " " indicates the conjugate operator.With the integral: and as this was indicated in [6], the following relationship is verified: where . On the other hand, ( ) , which leads to the expression: This last equation may easily be generalised in the event of a non-linear, non-homogenous anisotropic milieu, even with the effect of hysteresis.
We may now introduce the new vector U B H = +  into expression (15), giving us: Integral Equation ( 16) depending on the "non-classical" variable magnetic field in [7] [8] is a modified magneto static equation whose main advantages are limitation of the zones of secondary dipoles and its exact characterisation of universal magnetic properties.Therefore, in non-linear cases, the tensor's differential form is: Which shows that, even in the rectangular function ( ) B H when ( ) µ = ∞ , the maximum slope of ( ) J U does not exceed 45˚.In many cases, introduction of the new form of vector U into the integral equation there- fore leads to magnetisation characteristics more practical than those obtained in standard cases.Consequently, Equation ( 16), along with the modified constitutive equation ( ) J U is better employed in calculating saturated systems.It may be noted that this speed is not suited to using other calculation models.
To continue on to characterisation of ( ) J U , the following relationships must be used: , J B H = −  After calculation of the magnetic induction at whatever point in the space defined by the expression: The generalised complex potential takes the form: where 0 W ( ) z determines the complex potential of the magnetic field's external dipoles.

Analysis of the SRM's Magnetic Circuit
The combined approach's main problem results from the need for simultaneous calculation of the variation of the magnetic field's characteristics and those of the corresponding electrical circuits.Solving the problem in such a context greatly complicates the simulation process.Use of the dynamic characteristics method is regarded as one of the possibilities for achievement of the combined method enabling design of the circuit of the field mathematical model of SRM [9].The essentials of this method, in the case of its application for SRM simulation, consist of establishing a connection between the stator coil's inductance and the rotor's angle of rotation ( ) L θ , and its introduction into the system of differential equations describing the electromechanical process in switched reluctance motors [10]- [12].
As the simulation subject, we have used an SRM with the following performances and characteristics: Magnetic On the basis of results obtained in studying the magnetic circuit, we were able to define the characteristic of the stators' inductance depending on the angle of the rotor ( ) L θ .The characteristic was determined under the value of the stator coil's nominal current.
In real-life conditions, inductance coil stator also depends on the value of current ( ) due to the non-linearity of the steel's magnetisation curve.
Variation of phase inductance depending on the rotor's angle of rotation may be approximated by the simple expression (20)-(Figure 1).

( ) ( ) ( )
It is makes it easier if we operate with coherent values for inductance a L and incoherent for u L , the posi- tions of the rotor poles and the stator, so: As calculation of the field shows, the value of inductance u L does not really depend on phase current value, so const 0.0163 H u L = = .At the same time, the coherent value of phase a L inductance decreases with in- crease in current, limited to the value of u L .Inductance a L depends on current value due to saturation of the magnetic system (Figure 2) and may be represented by the function: Graphing of ( )

Analysis of the Consistency of the Mathematical Model of the SRM
In order to solve this system of equations and analyse the consistency of results obtained, we created a programme using Lazarus, which is a multiplatform IDE (integrated development environment) developed in Object Pascal.To solve differential equations, we used the Runge-Kutta 4th order method (RK4) with a constant integration speed of 0.0001 s h = .Figure 4 shows the variation of the rotor's angular speed and angle of rotation at switched operating speed.Comparing Figure 4(a) and Figure 4(b), we may observe that the rotor's angular balance position depends on the resistive torque opposed by the load of inductive character.The motor only stops when the motor torque is lower than the resistive torque.
Figure 5(a) shows an SRM's phase currents at start-up.As Figure 5(b) shows, we have determined the operational curves of SRM operating speed-i.e., the process of motor start-up and establishment of its on-load operation.
On the basis of the graphs in Figure 4 and Figure 5, obtained from the results of calculations carried out by the SRM's mathematical model, and considering the quality of the models' concordance and convergence towards the basic principle of electromechanical engineering, we may conclude that the mathematical model developed is a consistent one.

Comparison of the Electrodynamics Characteristics of SRMs with Those of Series DC Motors
By using Fourier series decomposition of function ( ) L θ , it should be easy to determine the form of function ( ) ( ) 6).Comparing Equations ( 6) and (10), it can clearly be seen that, in the case of series motors, coefficient "k" is a constant value (within the limits of the linear zone of the first magnetisation curve), while for an SRM, the same coefficient depends on the rotor's angular position.
Applying the same principle, with the aim of simplifying the SRM's model, we have replaced the variable ( ) y θ with its average value Y in the interval in which the SRM's structure is repeated.The SRM may be controlled by varying the supply voltage as well as by varying the value of the supply voltage's commutation angles α and β [13].It should, however, be borne in mind that the current in a phase gradually decreases to nothing, only finally ceasing activity after a few moments, at the exact time that θ β = .With 1 β as the angle under which current value in the phase cancels out, for the determined values of angles α and 1 β , the coefficient of proportionality Y may be calculated as follows: ( ) Therefore, the average calculated at the end of an operating interval in a similar phase is equal to π in radian form.
The value of the current's angle of extinction 1 β depends on the parameters of the SRM's coils, the value of the current in a phase and, more precisely, simultaneous resolution of the SRM's and conversion device's equation systems.In order to obtain concrete results, we shall assume that the time it takes for the current to extinguish is a constant value, giving us the altogether logical relationship: 1 0 By using the relationship of the previously obtained function ( ) L θ decomposed in Fourier series, it is easy to obtain the analytical relationship for a defined integral (24).After a series of transformations, we finally obtain the expression: where 1 b , 2 b , 4 b represent the coefficients of the decomposition in Fourier series.In the same way, it is necessary to define the average value of the supply voltage applied to a phase: ( ) Knowing the law of voltage variation at a phase's terminals, we may write: Therefore, in order to determine the parameters of a series motor equivalent to an SRM, it is necessary to carry out the following actions and calculations: 1) On the basis of calculation of the magnetic field, define the data tabulation of function ( ) L θ ; 2) Present the relationship of the function obtained in the form of a decomposition in Fourier series and distinguish the decomposition's significant terms; 3) For the defined values of commutation angles α and 1 β of the supply voltage of formula (25), define the average value of coefficient of proportionality Y; 4) Calculate the SRM's operating speeds using the mathematical model suggested; 5) Calculate the series motor's operating speeds and assess the convergence of results obtained.Figure 7 presents graphs of comparative curves of speed-a) and start-up current; b) for on-load operation of the SRM (thin line) and equivalent series motor (thick line).
The relative error for the models considered is around 4% -5%.This error is caused by a measure of inaccuracy in determining the equivalent series motor's coefficient of proportionality Y. Figure 8 shows that accurate calculation of the coefficient could result in greater concordance of the graphs of currents and angular speeds.
The methodology proposed for determining parameters for the equivalent of a DC series motor for various engineering applications provides a sufficient degree of concordance between the dynamic characteristics of an SRM and a DC series motor.

Use of Results Obtained for Analysis and Synthesis of Cascade Regulation of SRM Control Systems
With the help of known expression (28), current and speed regulator coefficients may be calculated.Taking account of technical optimum conditions, the current regulator's transfer function equals: ( ) where м T -the motor's mechanical time constant; S K -coefficient of feedback in speed; k = Φcoefficient of flow.
In order to check the stability of the synthetized system's control and determine the control's quality indicators, we carry out mathematical modelling of the SRM in the closed-loop regulation system [14].
For resolution of this control system and analysis of the consistency of results obtained, a programme was developed in Object Pascal with the help of the Lazarus IDE.To solve differential equations, we used the Runge-Kutta 4th order method with a constant integration speed of 0.0001 s h = .

Conclusions
Based on analysis of the SRM's magnetic system field method and analysis of the mathematical model of the SRM, we have established electrodynamic similitude between the SRM and the DC motor.A method for determining the DC motor equivalent's parameters has been determined.Taking the classical approach to synthesis of the automatic regulation system, calculation of the current and speed regulators for adjusting the SRM's coordinates has been carried out.
Using the mathematical modelling method, it has been shown that the closed-loop synthesized cascade regulation system is stable and possesses satisfactory indicators of control quality.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Phase inductance depending on angle θ for a stator current series.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Variation of phase inductance depending on angle θ.where 0.0163 a = , 1.72 b = , 14.35 c = -coefficients obtained by calculation of the magnetic field.Therefore, Equation (20) takes the form:

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Graphs of SRM operating speeds defined by the mathematical model.(a) Phase current at beginning of start-up.(b) SRM start-up and running on-load.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. SRM Operating speeds in the closed-loop cascade regulation control system with setup of critical optimum.
time constant; T µ -converter's uncompensated time constant; С K -converter's amplification gain; I K -coefficient of feedback in currentThe current transfer function:

Figure 8 (
а) presents the diagrams of the SRM's current and angular speed during start-up.

Figure 3 (
b) presents the diagrams of current and angular speed during application of a load to the SRM.