Periods, Eccentricities and Axes around L4,5 in the ER3BP under Radiating and Oblate Primaries

In the framework of the elliptic restricted three-body problem, using a semi-analytic approach, we investigate the effects of oblateness, radiation and eccentricity of both primaries on the periodic orbits around the triangular Lagrangian points of oblate and luminous binary systems. The frequencies of the long and short orbits of the periodic motion are affected by the oblateness and radiation of both primaries, so are their eccentricities, semi-major and semi-minor axes.


Introduction
There exist five co-planar equilibrium points in the restricted three-body problem (R3BP), three collinear with the primaries (collinear points) and two, form equilateral triangles with the line ( ξ -axis) joining the primaries.The collinear points are generally unstable, while the triangular points are conditionally stable.As a result of rotational motion, long and short periodic orbits exist around these points.The shapes, orientation and sizes of the orbits are determined by the eccentricities, inclination and the semi-major axes of the orbits.Let us briefly recall that the R3BP consists of two massive bodies (primaries) moving in orbits (circular or elliptic) around their common barycenter and a third body of negligible mass being influenced, but not influencing them.A typical example of the ER3BP is the motion of an asteroid under the gravitational attraction of the Sun and Jupiter.The solution to this type of problem which has been developed over the centuries from [1]- [6] and others, forms the basis of the study of the dynamics of celestial bodies, from the computation of the ephemerides to the recent advances in flight dynamics.
It is a well-known fact that when at least one of the primary bodies is a source of radiation, the classical restricted three-body problem fails to adequately discuss the motion of the infinitesimal body.Radzievsky [7] was the first to circumvent this inadequacy by formulating the photogravitational CR3BP in the cases of the Sun-Planet-Particle and Galaxy Kernel-Sun-Particle.The photogravitational restricted three-body problem models adequately, the motion of a particle of a gas-dust cloud which is in the field of two gravitating and radiating stars.The summary action of gravitational and light repulsive forces may be characterized by the mass reduction factor q. The effect of radiation pressure(s) has been the subject of many studies.The existence and stability of equilibrium points were studied by [8] and [9] in the case when only one body radiates, while [10]- [26] in the cases when both bodies are luminous.Also, Das et al. [10] examined numerically the effect of radiation on the stability of retrograde trajectories around Jupiter and the smaller of the primaries in RW-Monocerotis and Kruger-60.They found a reduction of the size of the region of stability around the binaries due to third order resonances.The double stellar systems form a considerable part of all stellar systems; as a result, the motion of a particle in their neighborhood may be of particular interest.Lastly, [23] investigated the motion of a dust particle in orbit with a dark oblate, degenerate primary and a stellar secondary companion moving in elliptic orbits around their common centre of mass.
The classical restricted three-body problem considers the bodies to be strictly spherical, but in the solar (e.g., Earth, Jupiter and Saturn) and stellar (e.g., Achernar, Alfa Arae, Regulus, VFTS 102, Vega and Altair) systems, some planets and stars are sufficiently oblate to justify the inclusion of oblateness in the study of motion of celestial bodies.Therefore, [19], [23]- [35] have included oblateness and/or radiation of one or both primaries in their communications.Taking account of the oblateness of the Earth, Ammar et al. [35] have conducted an analytic study of the motion of a satellite and solved the equations of the secular variations in a closed form, while Abouelmagd [34] analyzed the effect of oblateness of the more massive primary up to J 4 in the planar CR3BP and proved that the positions and stability of the triangular points are affected by this perturbation.
The orbits of most celestial and stellar bodies are elliptic rather than circular; as a result, the study of the elliptic restricted three-body problem (ER3BP) can have significant effects.When the primaries' orbit is elliptic, a nonuniformly rotating-pulsating coordinate system is commonly used.These new coordinates have the felicitous property that, the positions of the primaries are fixed; however, the Hamiltonian is explicitly time-dependent [5].Such an oscillating coordinate system has been introduced by using the variable distance between the primaries as a unit of length of the system by which distances are divided.Several studies [23]- [26], [36]- [42] and [43] have examined the influence of the eccentricity of the orbits of the primary bodies with or without radiation pressure(s).Zimovshchikov and Tkhai [39] established the conditions of stability of the collinear and triangular points for various values of the eccentricity of the Keplerian orbits and the mass ratio of the primary bodies.Finally, Singh and Umar [23]- [26] considering both luminous primaries to be oblate spheroids as well investigated the existence of triangular, collinear and the out of plane equilibrium points in the ER3BP respectively.
A vast number of researches [44]- [52] have been conducted on periodic orbits in the R3BP under various considerations.The consideration of the primaries as either point masses or spherical in shape may leave out a good number of practical problems.This is as a result of the fact that most celestial and stellar bodies are axisymmetric and their orbits are elliptic.The re-entry of artificial satellites and the minimization of station keeping have shown the importance of periodic orbits.The existence of two families of periodic motions near the Lagrangian solutions in the plane CR3BP was shown for arbitrary values of the parameter μ by Charlier [44] and Plummer [45], while Sarris [36] studied the families of symmetric-periodic orbits in the three-dimensional elliptic problem with a variation of the mass ratio μ and the eccentricity e. Khanna and Bhatnagar [22], [49] and [53] have studied the long and short periodic orbits around the Lagrangian point(s).Also, Mittal et al. [32] in examining periodic orbits, determined periodic orbits for different values of the mass parameter μ, energy constant h, and oblateness factor A. Beevi and Sharma [52] and Abdouelmagd and El-Shaboury [54] explored the effect of the oblateness of Saturn on the periodic orbits and the regions of quasi-periodic motion around both primaries in the Saturn-Titan system and combined effects of oblateness and radiation on periodic orbits in the circular framework of the restricted three-body problem respectively.
In this communication, we investigate in the elliptic framework the long and short periodic orbits around the triangular points when both primary bodies emit light energy simultaneously and are oblate spheroids as well.The analytic results obtained are applied to the binary systems of mass ratio 0 0.03 µ < ≤ and to Algol.
The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 provides the equations of motion for the system under investigation; Section 3 computes the long and short periodic orbits and Section 4 describes the eccentricities, semi-major and semi-minor axes; while Sections 5 & 6 are the numerical analysis and conclusion respectively.

Force Due to Radiation Pressure
The radiation pressure force p F acts opposite to the gravitational attraction force g F and changes with distance by the same law, this force tends to reduce the effective mass of a particle.The resulting force on the particle is given by ( ) where 1 , a constant for a given particle, is the mass reduction factor.We denote the radiation factors as i q ( ) for the bigger and smaller primaries such that 0 1 1 i q < −  .So that instead of mass 1 m and 2 m , we have 1 1 m q and 2 2 m q in the force function.

Force Due to Oblateness
The force due to oblateness of the primaries of masses i m ( ) , where i AE and i AP are the dimensional equatorial and polar radii of the bigger and smaller primaries.
Let i V be the potential due to oblateness, then, ∂ Equating their right hand sides, and then integrating with respect to i r , we obtain 2 3 Thus, the equations of motion of the test particle are presented here in a dimensionless-rotating-pulsating coordinate system as: with the force function The mean motion, n , is given by ( ) ( ) with, 1 2 m m as the masses of the bigger and smaller primaries positioned at the points ( ) q are their radiation pressure factors; 1 2 A A are their oblateness coefficients; i r , ( ) are the distances of the infinitesimal mass from the bigger and smaller primaries, respectively; while a and e are respectively the semi-major axis and eccentricity of the orbits.

aq e A A A aq aq e A A A aq aq e A A A aq aq e A A A aq aq e A A A aq
We give these points a small displacement ( ) , x y and obtain the characteristic equation as [24]   ( ) ( ) The superscript 0 indicate that the partial derivatives are to be evaluated at the equilibrium points ( ) and we consider only linear terms in 1 a , neglecting the products of α , i χ and i A and 2 e in evaluating the partial derivatives.The characteristic eqn.has pure imaginary roots in the interval 0 c µ µ < < , where 0.0385 is the critical mass ratio.Thus, motion in this vicinity is bounded and made up of two harmonic motions with frequencies 1 s and 2 s given by and C and 1 S are called the long period terms while 2 C , 2 S , 2 C and 2 S are the short period terms, 1 finally, E is the eccentric anomaly.

Elliptic Orbits
The function Ω around the triangular point 4 L is expressed as Which is a quadratic form in x and y , indicating that the periodic orbits around 4 L are elliptic and we write it as  Px Qxy Ry L where ( )

Eccentricities of the Ellipses
The function around the triangular point is given by Equation ( 7), but, 2 The determinant of which is The characteristic equation of the associated matrix is thus The roots are The eccentricities of the ellipses are given by (Szebehely 1967) ( ) where λ is one of the roots of Equation (10).For 1 i = , we have ( And therefore, (

Semi-Major and Semi-Minor Axes
The semi-major and semi-minor axes of the periodic orbits are given by respectively.Now, using Equations ( 5) and ( 11), we obtain  A A e a e e and

Numerical Analysis
Following Singh and Umar [24], [in which the stability of triangular points for the problem under consideration was examined for the binary systems, Achird (eta Cassiopeia, Luyten 726-8, Alpha Centaurus AB, Kruger 60 1 and Xi Bootis] we compute the frequencies of the long and short periodic orbits, their eccentricities, semi-major and semi-minor axes using Equations ( 6), ( 12), ( 13) & ( 14) and present them in Table 1 for some assumed values of oblateness, radiation pressures, semi-major axis and eccentricities of the primaries for binary systems with mass ratio in the range 0 0.03 µ < ≤ .Tables 2-5 show respectively effects of eccentricity, semi-major axis and radiation factor of the bigger primary on the frequencies of the long and short periodic orbits, their eccentricities, semi-major and semi-minor axes for 0.02 and for the binary system Algol.These effects are Table 1.Frequencies of the long and short periods, their eccentricities, semi-major and semi-minor axes for 1 0.9 q = ; 2 0.8 q = ; 0.9 a = ; 0. Table 2. Effect of the eccentricity of the primaries on the frequencies of the long and short periods, their eccentricities, semimajor and semi-minor axes and the roots of ( 10), for 0.02 µ = ; 1 0.9 q = ; 2 0.8 q = ; 1 0.01 A = ; 2 0.02 A = and 0.9 a = .
Eccentricity  shown in Figures 1-9.Figures 1-8 show the effects of the semi-major axis of the elliptic orbits (Table 3), eccentricity (Table 2), oblateness and radiation pressures (Table 4) of the primaries on the long and short periods respectively, while the effect of mass ratio µ (Table 1) is shown in Figure 9.The semi-major axis is in- creased from 0.8 to 1.4 step 0.2; the eccentricity from 0 to 0.6 step 0.2; oblateness from 0 to 0.1 and the radiation pressure of the bigger primary from 0.65 to 0.999 step 0.1.All these parameters except oblateness cause an increase in the size of the respective orbits.Algol is an eclipsing binary star in the constellation Perseus, with masses and luminosities (Beta Persei A & B) 3.59, 079 and 98, 3.4 respectively.Their radiation pressures are computed based on Singh and AbdulKareem [20] to be 0.969 and 0.995.The frequencies of the long and short periods, their eccentricities, semi-major and minor axes and the roots of the characteristic Equation ( 10) are given in Table 5, first, in the circular case without oblateness and then with a small assumed eccentricity and later together with increasing oblateness to highlight their effects on the system.

Discussion
Table 2 shows clearly the effect of oblateness of the primaries on the long and short periods.The frequency of the long period increases with increase in oblateness while that of the short period decreases.This agrees with [2] in the absence of small perturbations in the Coriolis and centrifugal forces in their case and with 0 e = in ours.
In the circular case ( ) 0 e = , our results also validate [22] and [56] when the smaller primary is non-luminous and the bigger one is spherical in shape.
Equation (12) gives the eccentricities of the long and short periods, the eccentricity of the long period increases with oblateness, while that of the short period decreases (Table 2).The eccentricity of the orbits and the effect of oblateness are shown graphically in Figures 1-9 for mass ratio 0 0.03 µ < ≤ and for the binary system Algol.We see that the sizes of the long and short periodic orbits increase with an increase in the semi-major Figure 1.Effect of semi-major axis on the long periodic orbits for μ = 0.02; q 1 = 0.9; q 2 = 0.8; A 1 = 0.01; A 2 = 0.02 and e = 0.25.

Conclusion
The expressions for the frequencies of the long and short periods around the triangular points with their orientations, eccentricities, semi-major and semi-minor axes has been obtained.They have been found to be influ- Effect of mass ratio μ in the absence of oblateness on the long periodic orbits for q 1 = 0.9; q 2 = 0.8; e = 0.2 and a = 0.9.
enced by the eccentricities of the orbits of the primaries, radiation pressures, semi-major axis and oblateness.In the absence of these perturbations, the results are in accordance with [5].
, we obtain what is equivalent to a rotation of the coordinate system x, y through an angle ψ .Ψ is chosen such that the term containing x y in Ω vanishes.The new quadratic form is thus )

Table 3 .
e Effect of semi-major axis of the primaries on the frequencies of the long and short periods, their eccentricities,

Table 4 .
Effect of radiation pressure of the bigger primary on the frequencies of the long and short periods, their eccentrici-

Table 5 .
Frequencies of the long and short periods, their eccentricities, semi-major and semi-minor axes of the binary System Algol, for assumed oblateness and a = 0.999; e = 0.2.