The Research for APG-12 Emulsifying Properties

Through determining and evaluating interfacial tension and emulsifying properties of dodecyl polyglucoside (APG-12), the results show that APG-12’s performance is better than C12 linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) and alkyl phenol polyoxyethylene ether (OP-10). In order to emulsify properties of APG-12, it is more stable when concentration is over 1.5 g/L. We studied the temperature and oil-water ratio has an effect on emulsifying property.


Introduction
Dodecyl polyglucoside (APG-12) is a kind of nonionic surfactant which is made of natural starch and vegetable oil derivatives.It has good surface activity, high alkali resistant ability and strong ability of degradation.APG-12 is the fastest growing products in the green surface active agent.In Huanxi ridge's crude oil, for example, this paper studied the emulsifying properties of APG-12.

Emulsification Performance Test
The surfactant placed into Huanxiling crude oil phase, with a blender at a rotational speed 500 r/min papering emulsion to be experiment.1) Absorb the water-oil ratio 4:6 and 0.5% APG-12 emulsion with a syringe.Drip it in a glass slide slowly.The finished water-oil emulsion in a glass slide was observed by microscope and record by camera.The types and sizes of emulsion were judged by analyzing the photos of water-oil emulsion.
2) Emulsion which consists of the surfactant preparation solution and oil was closed in test tubes.Put test tubes into constant 50˚C water path pot and keep it 30 min.During the constant temperature water bath, test tubes with stopper were shaved vigorously many times every 5 minutes.Make water and oil mixed fully.Put vertically test tubes into constant 50˚C water path pot after the oil and water to mix.Emulsifying ability was judged by observing isolated water in 90 min.

Interfacial Tension Test
Experiment measure surface tension by JMP2000 type surface tension meter.The method of surface tension is dissolve by APG-12 to different concentrations.The surface tension of different concentrations of APG-12 solution was determined at 25˚C.Draw concentration-surface tension curve with the commonly-used surfactants LAS and OP-10 contrast [1]- [6].

Interface Activity and Emulsifying Capacity Evaluation
The emulsion with microscope is observed.The picture is shown in Figure 1.We can see that the liquid's dispersed phase is oil; continuous phase is water.Emulsion is low viscosity oil-in-water emulsion.
The concentration-surface tension curve of different concentration surfactant is shown in Figure 2. We can see from the picture that when the increase of surfactant concentration surface tension reduces quickly, the interfacial activities of APG-12 are best in three kinds of surfactants.Surface tension can reach 27.0 mN/m.
With the time extension, the dewatering amount increased gradually, dehydration rate was fast at first 30 min.After 30 min, it became steady.By comparing the APG-12"s emulsifying ability with the other two surfactant, we can know that emulsifying ability of APG-12 is better than the OP-10 and LAS, excellent effect of emulsification.The experimental data are shown in Table 1.

Influence of Surfactant Concentration on Emulsifying Property
To investigate the effect of APG-12 concentration on emulsifying property, the volume of the water from emulsion was analyzed at different times by setting various concentrations of 0.5 g/L, 1.0 g/L, 1.5 g/L, 2.0 g/L and 3.0 g/L.
As can be seen from Figure 3, because density of the attached small droplets's APG-12 increased gradually, the arrangement was more intensive; intensity of interfacial film increased; emulsion system was more balanced and emulsifying power and stability were strengthened.When the concentration is 1.5 g/L, dewatering amount reduced rapidly; the formed emulsion system was more stable and the emulsifying power was stronger.When the concentration is higher, dewatering volume changed in a small range; emulsifying ability of system stopped increasing.The emulsion system has good emulsifying properties in concentration of 1.5 g/L.

Influence of Surfactant Temperature on Emulsifying Property
We measure dewatering volume of emulsion at different time under the temperature of 40˚C, 50˚C, 60˚C to analyze its stability.Dewatering volume at different temperature is shown in Figure 4.With the increase of temperature, the dewatering volume increased.Temperature increment made the solubility of natural emulsifier in the dispersed phase of crude oil increase.It decreases the intensity of interfacial film adsorbed at the interface.In addition, thermal motion of molecules is enhanced with rising temperature.The dispersed phase collision and gather make the interface energy reduce.And then creaming happened.

Influence of Oil-Water Ratio on Emulsifying Property
In order to study the emulsifying properties of APG-12 affected by the ratio of oil to water, impact of emulsification ability was analyzed by setting different oil-water ratios (see Table 2).As can be seen from Table 2, dehydrated water from emulsion system became larger in volume as the ratio of oil to water decreased.When the oil-water ratio was relatively high, dewatering volume was small in system and the emulsifying ability was strong.When the oil-water ratio reached 4:6, dewatering volume was enhanced; the emulsion system was unstable and the emulsifying ability weakened.Because aqueous phase in system increased, overall surface area of oil   phase became large; APG-12 adhesion amount on interface unit area decreased and the emulsifying power and stability of emulsion system were reduced as the oil of water ratio decreased.

Conclusion
The emulsion becomes to more stable O/W emulsion after adding surfactant.The higher the concentration is, the stronger emulsion stability is.Emulsification properties and economy at concentration of 1.5 g/L are best.Emulsifying properties have outstanding performance at low temperature.As the temperature increases, the stability of the emulsion decreases.Oil-water ratio has a significant effect on the emulsifying property of the surfactant.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Surface tension of different products under different concentration.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3.The effect of APG-12 concentration on emulsifying property.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Influence of surfactant temperature on emulsifying property.

Table 1 .
Dewatering of various products.

Table 2 .
Influence of oil-water ratio on emulsifying property.