Erratum to “ Prevalence of Sarcopenia among Nursing Home Older Residents in Cairo , Egypt ” [ Advances in Aging Research 3 ( 2014 ) 118-123 ]

Sarcopenia is highly prevalent in community dwelling older adults in many countries; however, the prevalence of sarcopenia in nursing home older residents is not well characterized. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of sarcopenia in nursing home older residents in Cairo. Cross sectional study was performed among 150 nursing homes residents in Cairo. The European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) recommendation was used for diagnosing sarcopenia. The study showed that the prevalence of sarcopenia in nursing home older residents in Cairo was 17.3%; 22.6% in elderly men and 13.6% in elderly women. Age, underweight and lack of physical activity were found to be associated with sarcopenia among studied participants. The study concluded that sarcopenia is an emerging health problem in nursing home older residents in Cairo. 3. Results In this study, we used two handheld dynamometers. We discovered that one of them had a manufacturer defect and gave wrong results, so we retracted the patients’ results done by this dynamometer. As well as we removed the data of the elderly who didn’t complete all items of our assessment. So the studied participants were 150 participants and the results were as follow: Corresponding author. T. T. A. Rahman et al. 327 The mean age of studied participants was 69.8 ± 6.9 years. 58.7% of participants were women. 46.0% were educated ≤12 years and the rest were educated >12 years. As regard marital status 20.7% were married and 79.3% were singles. 22.7% were working physical work, 52.0% were working mental work and the rest had no previous occupation. Participants, BMI ranged between 17.5 25 kg/m. 56.7% of participants do regular physical activity. 42.0% of participants have hypertension, 31.3% have diabetes mellitus, 18.7% have ischemic heart disease (IHD), 13.3% have heart failure, 4.0% had previous history of stroke, 13.3% have osteoarthritis, 3.3% have chronic liver disease (CLD), and 56.0% have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The prevalence of sarcopenia among nursing home older residents in Cairo was 17.3%; 22.6% in elderly men and 13.6% in elderly women. The study detected significant associations between sarcopenia and age (p = 0.012) as well as between sarcopenia and BMI (p = 0.025). Those with sarcopenia were less likely to be involved in regular physical activity (p = 0.019). There were no significant associations between sarcopenia and presence of co-morbidities (p > 0.05) except for ischemic heart disease (IHD) which was significantly detected among residents with sarcopenia (p = 0.049) (Table 1). 4. Discussion In the present study, we assessed the prevalence of sarcopenia among nursing home older residents in Cairo. Our findings showed that the prevalence of sarcopenia, using the EWGSOP recommendation, is 17.3%; 22.6% in elderly men and 13.6% in elderly women. Table 1. Characteristics of studied participants according to the presence of sarcopenia. Non sarcopenic (n = 124) Sarcopenic (n = 26) p value Age (mean ±SD) 68.4 ± 6.7 74.3 ± 8.9 0.012 Men 48 (77.4%) 14 (22.6%) 0.312 Education ≤ 12 years 54 (78.3%) 15 (21.7%) 0.430 Single 99 (83.2%) 20 (16.8%) 0.821 Married 25 (80.7%) 6 (19.3%) Physical work 29 (85.3%) 5 (14.7%) 0.612 Mental work 66 (84.6%) 12 (15.4%) No previous occupation 29 (76.3%) 9 (23.7%) Body mass index, kg/m (mean ± SD) 20.8 ± 3.7 18.6 ± 1.4 0.025 Regular physical activity 54 (63.5%) 31 (36.5%) 0.019 Fat free mass (mean ±SD) 42.7 ± 5.8 36.6 ± 4.3 0.000 Fat free mass index (FFMI) (mean ± SD) 14.9 ± 2.3 11.3 ± 2.4 0.008 Hand grip (mean ±SD) 19.2 ± 8.0 18.1 ± 9.6 0.357 Four meters walking test (m/s) (mean ± SD) 0.73 ± 0.26 0.62 ± 0.31 0.048 Hypertension 49 (77.8%) 14 (22.2%) 0.521 Diabetes mellitus 41 (87.2%) 6 (12.8%) 0.650 Ischemic heart disease 11 (39.3%) 17 (60.7%) 0.049 Congestive heart failure 11 (55.0%) 9 (45.0%) 0.136 Stroke 6 (100.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0.385 Osteoarthritis 18 (90.0%) 2 (10.0%) 0.421 Chronic liver disease 4 (80.0%) 1 (20.0%) 0.943 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 64 (76.2%) 20 (23.8%) 0.198 T. T. A. Rahman et al. 328 In this study there is a significant association between age and sarcopenia (p = 0.012). This is consistent with the findings of previous studies [16]-[19] [22]. Aging is associated with significant changes in body composition, with a substantial reduction in fat free mass and an increase in visceral fat [12]. As well as, the age-dependent decrease in anabolic hormones, such as testosterone, estrogen, growth hormone, and insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), may lead to loss of skeletal muscle mass [23] [24]. This study reported a significant association between BMI and sarcopenia (p = 0.025). This is consistent with the information reported by previous studies who documented the association between underweight and sarcopenia [4] [8] [25]. Previous studies [4] [26] [27] and the current study found a significant association between physical activity and sarcopenia (p = 0.019). Lack of physical activity has been shown to be a risk factor for muscle weakness that, in turn, results in loss of muscle mass and muscle strength [26] [27]. Previous studies [24] [28] as well as this study found that IHD was significantly associated with the presence of sarcopenia (p = 0.049). This may be due to the reported association between sedentary life style and the two diseases either IHD [29] or sarcopenia [26]. As well as, in IHD patients there is limitation in carrying out physical activities due to fear of ischemic chest pain or anticipation of pain [30]. This lack of physical activity will lead to sarcopenia. 5. Conclusion The prevalence of sarcopenia using the EWGSOP recommendation was 22.6% in elderly men and 13.6% in elderly women. Age, underweight and lack of physical activity were found to be associated with sarcopenia in nursing home older residents in Cairo.

The prevalence of sarcopenia among nursing home older residents in Cairo was 17.3%; 22.6% in elderly men and 13.6% in elderly women.
The study detected significant associations between sarcopenia and age (p = 0.012) as well as between sarcopenia and BMI (p = 0.025).Those with sarcopenia were less likely to be involved in regular physical activity (p = 0.019).There were no significant associations between sarcopenia and presence of co-morbidities (p > 0.05) except for ischemic heart disease (IHD) which was significantly detected among residents with sarcopenia (p = 0.049) (Table 1).

Discussion
In the present study, we assessed the prevalence of sarcopenia among nursing home older residents in Cairo.Our findings showed that the prevalence of sarcopenia, using the EWGSOP recommendation, is 17.3%; 22.6% in elderly men and 13.6% in elderly women.In this study there is a significant association between age and sarcopenia (p = 0.012).This is consistent with the findings of previous studies [16]-[19] [22].Aging is associated with significant changes in body composition, with a substantial reduction in fat free mass and an increase in visceral fat [12].As well as, the age-dependent decrease in anabolic hormones, such as testosterone, estrogen, growth hormone, and insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), may lead to loss of skeletal muscle mass [23] [24].
This study reported a significant association between BMI and sarcopenia (p = 0.025).This is consistent with the information reported by previous studies who documented the association between underweight and sarcopenia [4] [8] [25].
Previous studies [4] [26] [27] and the current study found a significant association between physical activity and sarcopenia (p = 0.019).Lack of physical activity has been shown to be a risk factor for muscle weakness that, in turn, results in loss of muscle mass and muscle strength [26] [27].
Previous studies [24] [28] as well as this study found that IHD was significantly associated with the presence of sarcopenia (p = 0.049).This may be due to the reported association between sedentary life style and the two diseases either IHD [29] or sarcopenia [26].As well as, in IHD patients there is limitation in carrying out physical activities due to fear of ischemic chest pain or anticipation of pain [30].This lack of physical activity will lead to sarcopenia.

Conclusion
The prevalence of sarcopenia using the EWGSOP recommendation was 22.6% in elderly men and 13.6% in elderly women.Age, underweight and lack of physical activity were found to be associated with sarcopenia in nursing home older residents in Cairo.

Table 1 .
Characteristics of studied participants according to the presence of sarcopenia.