And If Bell ’ s Inequality Were Not Violated

It briefly recalls the theory of Bell’s inequality and some experimental measures. Then measurements are processed on one hand according to a property of the wave function, on the other hand according to the sum definition. The results of such processed measures are apparently not the same, so Bell’s inequality would not be violated. It is a use of the wave function which implies the violation of the inequality, as it can be seen on the last flowcharts.


Introduction
Some quantum phenomena can cause astonishment.The violation of Bell's inequality is a part of the surprises raised by Quantum Mechanics [1] [2].This violation means that it would be necessary to give up at least one of the following three assumptions: the principle of locality (two photons can not influence each other at a distance greater than the speed of light), the assumption of causality (to each effect at least one cause) and the assumption of realism (any particle has its own property).After recalling what Bell's inequality and experimental measures are, we will discuss how this inequality can be violated or not.
This paper is a criticism of Pr Alain Aspect's demonstration; it is neither a criticism of Bell's inequality theory, nor of its consequences here before.

The Experimental Set-Up
Hereinafter proposed by Professor John Stewart BELL [3] the experimental set-up: The source is a stream of 2 entangled photons: -the two photons leave in two opposite directions.
-"entangled" means that one photon is polarized along θ and the other photon along ( ) π θ + , it means the entangled photons have the same polarity ( ) A and B are separators with switching function depending on the photon polarity (that is to say in the di- rection of the electric field associated with the photon).
DA , DA ⊥ DB and DB ⊥ are four independent photon detectors, or counters.
Experiments done in Paris, Innsbruck and Genève [4] with two-channel polarizers look like Figure 1.

Measures of Entangled Photons
-if the polarity of the photon is rather parallel to α , the photon is leaving to DA detector, -otherwise, if the polarity of the photon is rather perpendicular to α , the photon is leaving to DA ⊥ detector -if the polarity of the other photon is rather parallel to β , the photon is leaving to DB -otherwise, if the polarity of the other photon is rather perpendicular to β , the photon is leaving to DB ⊥ When a photon is detected the measurement is conventionally +1, and when it is not detected the measurement is conventionally −1. Given: which means ( ) , either the other photon is detected by DB , or by DB ⊥ .

Experimental Measures
The measures are of the form: 1) If the two polarizers are oriented in the same direction, the two photons always behave the same way (transmitted or absorbed depending on the angle of the polarizer with the polarization).2) If the two polarisers are inclined at an angle of 30˚ with respect to each other, then the two photons have exactly the same behavior in 3/4 cases and in opposite fourth cases.3) If the two polarisers are inclined at an angle of 60˚ with respect to each other, then the two photons have the same behavior in exactly 1/4 cases and in opposed 3/4 cases [6].

The Quantum Sum i s
Let us define the first quantum sum i s : "each pair of particles carries with it sufficient information to calculate the following number" [7] ( ) ( ) Previous quantum sum can also be written as: Remark: another way to write the quantum sum is: where i b has thus been noted i b′ (and consequently i b has been noted i b′ ) It is only a convention to call a detector DB or DB ⊥ , and so the measures i b or i b′ .In practice, it will change the sign of the result i s′ , not its absolute value:

Bell's Inequality Definition
Let us remind what Bell's inequality definition is: "Bell's theorem [or Bell's inequality] is not defined according to a clear statement that would be found in a reference article" [8]; so we will hereafter take the definitions given by Professor SCARANI: "This is the statement of the Bell theorem: if our hypothesis is correct, the average value of i s must be be- tween −2 and +2.That's all..." [7].
Then Bell's therorem (or inequality) is mathematically transcribed to: with S the average value of i s

Average Quantum Sum 1 S
The sum used in the updated Bell's inequality definition is: "making measurements on a large number of pairs, it can measure the average value of i s " [7].Let us call "the average value of i s ": 1 S [ ] 1 S the average value of i s is "the algebraic sum of the four average values corresponding to the measures" [7], which is mathematically transcripted (see Appendix) by:

Treatment from a Wave Function Property
Pr. Valerio Scarani [9] [10], popularizing Pr Aspect's demonstration, proceeds starting from the wave function and according to quantum calculation ending up to a property [7]: with

Important remark:
This sum 2 S looks like the average sum 1 S but it is not the same:  1 S is function of experimental measures ( ) a b are a couple of numbers: S is function of experimental conditions ( ) , α β [cf.Equation ( 10)]; ( ) , α β are a couple of angles: Starting again with Equation (10) and Equation ( 11), For example, for 0 α =  and 30 It would be in this case ( ) 0 , 30 α β = =   , according to Equation (10) and Equation (11), violation of Bell's inequality.
Remark: the concern is that this result is the consequence of theoretical calculations dealing with angles α and β of the test conditions; it is not the result of measures i a and i b experimentally found (cf Table A2 in Appendix).

Quantum Sum from the Experimental Measures in a Particular Case
In the previous case where ( ) id est: ( ) For ( ) 0 , 30 α β = =   , the average sum 1 S does not violate Bell's inequality [as defined in Equation ( 7)].
Table 1.Experimental measures with an angle of 30  processed.

Quantum Sum from the Experimental Measures in the General Case
Let us process the three tables (Tables A1-A3) from Appendix into Table 2.
We can verify that for all experimental measures cf.Equation ( 9): [ ] so processing all experimental measures With all the measures, the average sum 1 S does not violate Bell's inequality [as defined in Equation ( 7)].So, in the particular case or in general, using the definition 1 S , Bell's inequality is never violated.

Synthesis about the Two Arguments
Paragraphs 3.1 and 3.2 can be boiled out to the flowchart of Figure 2.
And from a more general point of view, the synthesis flowchart will be Figure 3.

Application to the Aspect's Experiment of 1983
In present paper, analysis has been done mainly from Dr. Scarani presentation, according to the property , cos Then the extremum are for values as π 6 or 30  [cf.Equation (18)], and π 3 or 60  .It is interesting to note than in Aspect's experiment of 1983 [3], the extremum were for values as π 8 (or 22.5  ) and 3π 8 (or 67.5  ).The reason comes the experiment was different (in BCHSH experiment the dif- ference between two angles are not π 2 but are π 4 ), and so property was different: with Let us correlate 1983 notation with present notation (see Table 3): which is equivalent to Equation ( 28) is exactly the same than the Equation ( 4) for the definition of Bell's inequality.So we can use the same flowchart (Figure 4) to explain the difference of results between the definition of Bell's inequality and the property of a wave function: Starting from the experiment and the definition of 1 S , Bell's inequality is not violated.

Conclusion
After recalling what the Bell's inequality and the experimental measures are, the violation of this inequality appears to have been obtained by processing from a wave function property and the experimental conditions, but   have obscured the measures themselves.By treating these measures from the definition of S (average sum of i s ), Bell's inequality appears to be respected.The ways of the two arguments are summarized in flowcharts.This article is limited to the demonstration of the violation of Bell's inequality.It is neither a criticism of Bell's inequality theory, nor of its consequences.
where ρ is the correlation between measurements of the spins the pair of particles and a , b and c re- fer to three arbitrary settings of the two analysers [11].Generalizing Bell's original inequality, it has been introduced the CHSH inequality, without any assumption of perfect correlations (or anti-correlations) at equal settings where ρ denotes correlation in the quantum physicist's sense: "the expected value of the product of the two binary (+/−1 valued) outcomes... the CHSH inequality reduces to the original Bell inequality" [11].

A2. Average Quantum Sum 1 S
Let us call "the average value of i s ": 1 S [ ] S the average value of i s is "the algebraic sum of the four average values corresponding to the measures" [7], which is mathematically transcripted by: Demonstration: ( ) ( ) So 1 S , average value of i s , is effectively the algebraic [quantum] sum of the four average values.It is an equivalent definition.A3).

A3. Experimental Measures
O. Serret the i th throw) i a DA ⊥ = measurement (at the i th throw); i a could also be written i a ⊥ i b DB = measurement (at the i th throw) i b DB ⊥ = measurement (at the i th throw); i b could also be written i b ⊥ i a is the complement of i a [5]: when the photon is detected by DA , it is not detected by DA ⊥ (and con- versely) i b is the complement of i b : when the photon is detected by DB , it is not detected by DB ⊥ (and con- versely) At each entangled photon, by construction: photon is detected by DA , or by DA ⊥ and
from the definition for all experimental measures cf.Equation (8):
Let us translate these synthetic measures through examples.a) If the two polarizers are oriented in the same direction, the two photons always behave the same way (transmitted or absorbed depending on the angle of the polarizer with the polarization): the two polarisers are inclined at an angle of 30˚ with respect to each other, then the two photons have exactly the same behavior in 3/4 cases and in opposite fourth cases: { } i i a b = in 3/4 cases (Table A2).c) If the two polarisers are inclined at an angle of 60˚ with respect to each other, then the two photons have the same behavior in exactly 1/4 cases and in opposed 3/4 cases: { } i i a b = in 1/4 cases (Table

Table 1 .
returning to the experimental measures [cf Table A2 in Appendix], we get According to the sum definition [cf.Equation (8)], 2