Study on Chongqing Sports Industrial Structure and Disposition of Human Capital

There is a close relation between human capital and industrial structure. By discussing industrial structure and human capital of Chongqing sports, this paper attempts to explore the growth point for development of sports industry, the rational allocation between the industrial structure and human resources. The result shows that sports tourism industry, sports industry, sports lottery industry and leisure sports industry will become the optimal direction for the development of sports industry.


Introduction
The development of sports industry is faced with both opportunities and challenges in the new period [1].With the advancement of the idea of "Healthy City" proposed by the local government, we should seize the opportunity to intensify the reform of industrial structure, optimize the relations between industrial structure and human resources and coordinate the balanced development of Chongqing sports industry comprehensively.
shape [2].Especially through the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, Beijing sports events are operating rather maturely, and the industrial structure of capital allocation and the sports industry is relatively rational [3].
The industrial structure of a nation is manifested by certain structure of its production technologies [4], the advancement and alternation of which would cause the corresponding shifts in industrial structure [5].Technological changes will lead to changes in industrial structure [6]; while the progress of science and technology will promote its changes, thus the industrial structure changes accordingly.With the implementation and development of China's western development strategy, upgrading the industrial structure of the western region is already around the corner [7].Industry cannot develop without the intervention of human factors; human capital is the focus of industrial restructuring [8].No matter how great the driving force of the scientific and technological progress on the industrial structure is, in essence it derives from the inventory and disposition of human capital.The direct reason of the formation and alternation of industrial structure of investment, and the fund reserves will possibly affect the restructuring of industrial structure [9]; the financial investment preference among different departments may be another influence factor [10].Economic growth requires a reasonable allocation and co-adaptation of funds and manpower [11].In essence, the reasonable economic growth process is the process in which two forms of capitals grow both in quantity and quality, i.e. the process of a reasonable allocation of human capital and funds [12].
As a new industry, sports industry will inevitably encounter manpower and capital these two different forms of resource allocation in the process of development.As an important western city of China's strategic development, an economic center of upper reaches of the Yangtze River, Chongqing has the necessity to allocate these two resources reasonably to promote the rapid development of its sports industry.

The Current Situation of Chongqing Sports Industrial Structure and Human Resources
Chongqing is still quite backward in fields of the economic and social development, sports infrastructure, sports and mass sports development (Table 1), the economic and social condition of production, circulation and consumption, etc, on which the sports industry survives and develops is still weak.Although the development of modern sports industry of Chongqing initiated in 1985, due to the relatively weak material basis for the development of sports industry, the long-term shortage of sports funding, the inadequate infrastructure investment (Table 2), as well as lagging awareness of public sports consumption (Table 3), by the end of 2007, the GDP Source: Zeng M. L. ( 2004) [15].
per capita of Chongqing is ¥14,622, the Engel Index of rural residents is 54.6%, the Engel Index of urban residents is 37.0%, and the output of the sports industry only accounts for 0.12% of the GNP [2].This is significantly lower than the national average level of 1%, ranked 22nd in the country [13].Sports broadcast, naming rights and other intangible assets, tangible assets such as the development and use of space is insufficient, the public awareness of "spend money on health" is not still strong, the development of sports fields also remain on the primitive stage [14], the sports industry body has not developed sufficiently, besides goods production and operation lack the scale and brand awareness.By the end of 2007 [16], Chongqing has 3203 sports industry institutes, with an employment of 24,333 people, and a gross output value 1.177 billion Yuan, increased by 494 million Yuan, accounting for 0.12% of the city's GDP.Sports manufacturer are less than 20, the small number, limited scale, scattered layout, and also lacks of competitive large sports business industry groups at home and abroad.Sports lottery is a thriving sports industry in Chongqing, while its total annual sales is significantly lower (Table 4).Among sports industry practitioners, the educational structure is comprised of master or above, bachelor, junior college, high school and others these five levels (Table 5).In recent three years, the growth rate of sports business revenue is approximately more than 70% (Table 6).
From the data analysis, Chongqing is restricted by the economic base and development level of sports industry.Sports industry is still in developmental stage and the social and economic development are not coordinated.This was reflected in four aspects: First, the overall size is small.In 2007 sports revenues of the city accounted for only 0.12% of the city's GDP and 0.3% of the city's tertiary industry outputs; second, institutions are weak in strength.The structures of sports industry of Chongqing are mainly in forms of self-employed institutions, accounting for 85.3% of the total number of city's sports industry units, with only 142,800 Yuan per household in respect of the registered capital [17]; third, the industry is lagging behind.Sports insurance and other industries have not yet emerged.Sports advertising, sports agent and so on are just in the beginning, the scale is small and the social contribution is almost zero; Fourth, the productivity is low, social contribution is small, the total sports industry tax amounts to only 32,531,100 Yuan [18].

Sports Tourism
Sports tourism is a part of tourism industry, whose development is the prerequisite for the development of sports tourism.By the end of 2007, Chongqing has totally 43 national A-class tourist areas (spots), among which 17 AAAA-class tourism areas (spots), 6 AAA-class tourist areas (spots), 16 AA-class tourist areas (spots), and 4 A-class tourist areas (spots).The tourism of Chongqing has stepped onto the process of rapid development, which has laid a solid foundation for the development of its sports tourism [19].
Chongqing sports have a long history, as well as a profound foundation of sports tourism.Since ancient times, Jiangjin District are famous for the name of "hometown of athletics" and "hometown of martial arts".Chongqing Municipal Bureau of Tourism has sponsored a public campaign of tourism with the theme of "enter the forest to embrace nature", private green voluntary associations had initiated activities such as "Hiking in Three Gorges" and etc., to develop physical fitness tourism market with the theme of fitness and entertainment, which are playing a significant role to promote and publicize the development of Chongqing sports and sports tourism resource exploitation.Chongqing is rich in national resources.At present, Chongqing Traditional sports have not been fully explored or sorted.We should actively encourage the exploration and sorting of traditional sports, in order to promote traditional sports programs and develop the traditional sports tourism.With its characteristics of appreciation and entertainment, and sports performance as a breakthrough, we can properly explore some participatory projects.If we can fully exploit the Traditional Ethnic Sports of huge potentiality in tourism, it will exert a very important effect in promoting the vigorous growth of the tourism market in Chongqing.

Sports Events Industry
Chongqing has always been popular with ball, football fans are almost crazy with the games, so that it has been presented on the screen, and plays an important role in the national football market.In 2003, Chongqing athletes participated in international and domestic competition and won once of the world champion, 23 times national champion.JIANSHE motorcycles chess team won five consecutive years the national chess champion.In 2006, Chongqing athletes participated in international and domestic competitions and won five times of world champion, 47 times' national champion.In 2007 Chongqing hosted more than 10 times national competitions [17].
From 2003 to 2005, she continuously and successfully held "Jialing Cup" cross-country motorcycle racing, and was honored as the "Motorcycle Capital of China".Chongqing Datianwan stadium of light could accommodate 40,000 spectators.And the Yuan Jiagang sports center covering an area of 120,000 square meters ranks first in Western China; lots of golf courses, race course and other sports facilities in Chongqing have already been constructed or are under construction.Chongqing also has a JIANSHE motor chess team, ZONGSHEN motor team and a lot of first-class and even top sports teams of the nation.By holding competitions such as the World Cup boxing, Kickboxing Tournament, World Grand Prix, Amateur Football League, an amateur basketball league, the National Diving Championships and so on, as well as hosting football Asian Cup and a series of important games at home and abroad, Chongqing fosters its sports tourism market, and attracts many domestic and international tourists.

Sports Lottery Industry
Since in March 1994, the State Council approved issuing a nationwide sport lottery, Chongqing sports lottery had began to flourish.Sports lottery revenues were 184 million Yuan in 2002 [19], 229.6 million Yuan in 2005 [2], in 2007 it reached 368 million Yuan [17].It increased rapidly and the development space is still available.
Sports Lottery is a highly self-entertained mass games and a good way to raise funds [20], from the perspective of Chongqing sports industry development, sports lottery industry outputs accounted for a great proportion.To vigorously develop the sports lottery and to make up realistic development policies, it will greatly enhance the development of sports industry in Chongqing.

Leisure Sports Entertainment Industry
Surveys indicated, the end of 2005, disposable income of Chongqing urban residents per capita is 10243.5 Yuan, increased by 10.2% compared with that of the last year, net income of rural residents per capita is 2809.3Yuan, increased by 11.9%.According to a investigation on the present situation of the sports consumption of Chongqing residents by Zeng M. L. (2004), among those residents who Consumes within 101 to 300 Yuan accounted for 51.0%, whose sports consumption are above 1000 Yuan accounted for only 7.1%, besides there were 31.1% people with sports consumption less than 100 Yuan or no sports consumption (Table 3).On the whole, the income of sports entertainment would gradually increase in proportion to the increase of income.At present, along with the proposition of constructing a "Healthy Chongqing", people's awareness of participating in sports and other entertainments gets much stronger, and the awareness of involving in exercising, sports consumption have

Table 1 .
Four municipalities' economic and sport development indicators compared in 2007.

Table 3 .
Chongqing public sports consumption survey Unit: Yuan.

Table 4 .
2007 some provinces and cities sports lottery sales (Billion Yuan).

Table 5 .
Educational hierarchy of Chongqing sports industry employment.