Photon Frequency Shift Caused by Gravity and Its Electromagnetic Process

In the present paper, photon frequency shift, e.g. gravitational red and blueshift, is described as the electromagnetic influence from gravity waves on photons, e.g. light waves. Previous reports have described the dynamic electromagnetic processes of the atom, the photon and gravity, and how these characteristics are measured. Results from these reports have been compiled into a theoretical model. The theoretical model describes the mechanism which results in photon frequency shift caused by a gravitational field. The theoretical model gives results similar to General Relativity using Schwarzschild metric. The theoretical model is mapped on black holes.


Introduction
State of the art science offers no explanation concerning the mechanism which results in gravity and no description of the mechanism which results in light and photons.Gravity and photons are described as more or less undefined particles.It is a cumbersome task to describe astrophysics based on undefined mechanisms and poorly defined particles.
Novel research provides a fundamentally new description of the atom [1], its forces including gravity [2] and its energy including emitted photons [3], based on electromagnetic theory.This has resulted in a theoretical model and increased understanding of gravitational lensing [4].The present paper uses the same definition of gravity and photons and reuses the structure of the theoretical model [4], and this results in a theoretical model of gravitational red and blueshift.Consequently, a novel definition of gravity and photon provides simple solutions to unsolved astrophysical phenomena.
It has been reported that the universe contains a gigantic singularity which generates very low frequency and synchronized TEM (transverse electromagnetic) waves, having extremely high amplitude and energy [1]- [3].Atoms contain oscillators with different natural frequencies.These oscillators absorb TEM waves at specific frequencies.The absorbed electromagnetic energy accounts for atomic internal and external forces as well as atomic stored energy and emitted energy [1]- [3].These TEM waves are impossible to measure using state of the art methods.However, a novel method enables characterization of TEM waves emitted by the singularity, absorbed by atoms and re-emitted by atoms [1]- [3].It has also been reported that atoms absorb these TEM waves in the frequency range 0.005 -0.03 Hz [1].The absorbed energy is very large and may account for atomic forces and atomic stored energy.
Furthermore, it has been reported that atoms also absorb TEM waves with frequency 69.9 Hz [2].These TEM waves are called gravity waves in the present paper.These gravity waves are then re-emitted uniformly into space, whereby some are absorbed by other atoms.This creates a mutual flow of synchronized TEM waves between atoms, resulting in a mutual force of attraction, i.e. gravity.
It has also been reported that excess energy quanta hv in oscillators, contained in a particle, an electron or an atom, is superpositioned on gravity waves absorbed by the oscillator.The re-emitted TEM wave has the superpositioned energy quanta hv and the frequency 69.9 Hz + v [3].The superpositioned energy quantum hv is called photon and it explains the photon-wave duality.
The present study shows that gravity waves, i.e.TEM waves with frequency 69.9 Hz, radiated from a gravitational body, interact with TEM waves (with frequency 69.9 Hz) contained in light waves.Energy is transferred between the TEM waves, and which influences the light wave's superpositioned energy quanta hv.Energy is transferred to the light wave when the light wave propagates towards the gravitational body, resulting in that hv and v increase, i.e. blueshift.Energy is transferred from the light wave when the light wave propagates from the gravitational body, resulting in that hv and v decrease, i.e. redshift [5].
The objective with the present paper is to build on results already presented in reports [1]- [4].This information is compiled into a theoretical model in Section 2, which describes the mechanism behind gravitational red and blueshift.The theoretical model is based on state of the art electromagnetic theory [6], the Standard Model [7], wave theory [8], superposition principle [9] and photon theory [10].The present theoretical model is compared with classical interpretation of redshift based on General Relativity and Schwarzschild metric [11]- [13].The present theoretical model is mapped on black holes [14].Discussion and conclusions are found in Section 3.
The aim of the study is to present a theoretical model of photon frequency shift caused by gravity, e.g.gravitational red and blueshift.

Gravity
The theoretical model builds on the observation that atomic oscillators 69.9 , with natural frequency 69.9 Hz, absorb TEM waves with frequency 69.9 Hz [2].The TEM waves originate from a singularity in the universe and have been thoroughly described [1] [2].The absorbed TEM waves are then re-emitted uniformly into space.
The behavior and characteristics of plane TEM waves is independent of their frequency.The field vectors E and B or H (B = µ 0 H) are linked and perpendicular.The field vector amplitudes relate as E = cB, where c is the speed of light.The electric and magnetic field vector amplitudes E and B decrease with the distance from the source as 1/r.The Poynting vector S describes the TEM energy flow density [6].

= S E H
(1) The energy stored in the magnetic field is just equal to that in the magnetic field.The direction of energy flow is reversed for a wave travelling in the opposite direction because the phase of E and H is reversed.
The theoretical model comprises a huge singularity in space, 0 in Figure 1.It emits vast amount of plane TEM waves with frequency 69.9 Hz.Its energy flow density at distance R is described by its Poynting vector S 0 (R).
One source, Source 1, as 1 in Figure 1, where R is the distance to the singularity, absorbs TEM waves from the singularity described by S 0 (R).Source 1 re-emits TEM 1 waves described by its Poynting vector S 1 (r) at the distance r from Source 1. Source 2, as 2 in Figure 1, where R is the distance to the singularity and r is the distance to Source 1, absorbs TEM waves from the singularity described by S 0 (R).Source 2 re-emits plane TEM 2 waves described by S 2 (r) uniformly into space.In the direction towards Source 1 plane TEM 1 and TEM 2 waves Figure 1.A singularity 0 generates gravity waves (low frequency plane TEM waves).Oscillators 69.9 1 and 2 in atoms create resonance with gravity waves and re-emit them unaltered.This causes flow of gravity waves between atoms and their oscillators 69.9 1 and 2. The flow of gravity waves in opposite directions between oscillators 69.9 results in mutual force of attraction, i.e. gravity.interact because of the force between their synchronized field vectors.This also implies that there is energy transfer from TEM 1 to TEM 2 when TEM 2 propagates towards Source 1.In equilibrium there is energy transfer in both directions, i.e. from TEM 1 to TEM 2 vice versa.Note that E and H are always perpendicular and hence S = ExH can be replaced by S E H = ⋅ .Equilibrium is defined by the amount of energy that Source 1 is able to deliver at Source 2, e.g. at the distance r, ( ) 1 S r , and the amount of energy that Source 2 is able to deliver at Source 1, i.e.

2
S r .This results in back reaction force ( ) F r , i.e. radiation reaction [11].This creates mutual force of attraction ( ) It is here assumed that the distance R to the singularity is constant.Hence, ( ) is constant and thus γ is a constant.
The entity which absorbs and re-emits TEM waves with frequency 69.9 Hz is an (forced damped) oscillator 69.9 with natural frequency 69.9 Hz.It is now assumed that each source consists of many oscillators 69.9 where each atomic oscillator 69.9 re-emits TEM waves described by its Poynting vector δS(r) and where r denotes the distance from the source and its oscillator 69.9 .E and H decrease linearly with the distance r implying that δS(r) decreases with the square of the distance; The mutual force of attraction δF(r) between two atomic oscillators 69.9 with distance r is In order to simplify ( ) It is now assumed that one oscillator 69.9 acts on p collocated oscillators 69.9 , belonging to the set P of all oscillators 69.9 at Source 2, and where each force can be described by ( ) F r δ .These oscillators 69.9 are synchronized resulting in the force .
It is now assumed that n collocated oscillators 69.9 , belonging to the set N of all oscillators 69.9 at Source 1, act on p collocated oscillators 69.9 , belonging to the set P of all oscillators 69.9 at Source 2, resulting in the total force ( ) • .
S S δ δ ⋅ is a constant described by the intrinsic characteristics of the oscillator 69.9 and ( ) where ξ is a constant.In a previous study Equation ( 6) was called the law of gravity between two clusters, at distance r containing n respectively p oscillators 69.9 [2].Note that the cluster can be few oscillators 69.9 , an electron, an atom, a mass, a planet or a black hole.
Equation ( 6) can be illustrated with gravity between the earth and the sun.The earth contains n atomic oscillators 69.9 creating a force ( ) n F r δ ⋅ on every atomic oscillator 69.9 in the sun.The sun contains p oscillators 69.9 , thus the total force of attraction is ( ) and that is equal to Equation (6).The earth's mass M 1 is proportional to the number of atomic oscillators 69.9 on earth, i.e.
1 M n, and the sun's mass 2 M p. Equation ( 6) is then approximately equal to the Newtonian geometric law of gravity, where F G is the gravitational force: ( ) is the Poynting vector of Source 1 or body 1 and S 2 (0) is the Poynting vector of Source 2 or body 2.
ξ , G, ( ) ( ) in Equation ( 7) depend on the distance R between the singularity and body 1 respectively body 2.

Photon
The theory of photon energy transport in space can be illustrated with light waves.It has been shown [3] that light waves are the result of the sum of time limited processes, i.e. acceleration or deceleration of oscillators 69.9 in an electron or atomic nucleus, see Figure 2.These oscillators 69.9 absorb and re-emit gravity waves with frequency 69.9 Hz.Accelerating or decelerating an electron or an atomic nucleus implies that they gain energy, i.e. each of their intrinsic oscillators 69.9 increases its energy and this excess energy can be described by one or many energy quanta hv.In this case the oscillator 69.9 4 in the electron or atom contains one energy quantum hv at a time, where h is Planck constant or quantum of action.
The energy quantum hν is discrete and limited in time.The energy quantum hν is superpositioned on a reemitted TEM wave.This TEM wave contains the superpositioned energy quantum hv and the frequency 69.9 Hz and instant frequency ν.Hence, the re-emitted wave is a gravity wave with superpositioned electromagnetic energy.The superpositioned electromagnetic energy quantum hv with frequency v is the photon.In a continuous process the sum of many photons and their energy quanta hν, superpositioned on re-emitted gravity waves, result in light waves.
The light wave's amplitude is proportional to the number of photons per time unit, which is proportional to the number of involved energy quanta hv, which in its turn is proportional to the number of involved oscillators 69.9 .This light wave has the frequency 69.9 Hz + v.
The light wave can be absorbed in matter 5 and where the superpositioned energy quanta hν are absorbed, resulting in that the light wave is converted back to the original gravity wave with frequency 69.9 Hz.
The energy contained in a TEM wave is proportional to its frequency ν.From this follows that the superpositioned energy and the photon energy δE is: The TEM wave's superpositioned energy and momentum are related as E pc δ = , where p is the magnitude of the momentum vector p.This derives from the following relativistic relation, with m = 0 [8]: where k is the wave vector (where the wave number 2π k k c ν = = ), and 2π h =  is the reduced Planck constant.Since p points in the direction of the TEM wave propagation, the magnitude of the momentum is: Thus the photon contained in the light wave is not a particle; however, discrete electromagnetic energy quantum hν, with frequency v, superpositioned on a low frequency TEM wave, i.e. a gravity wave.From this follows Electrons can be accelerated or decelerated.The electron contains oscillators 69.9 .The oscillator 69.9 4 in an electron creates resonance with a gravity wave and excess energy hν, caused by electron acceleration deceleration, is superpositioned on the re-emitted wave.The superpositioned energy hv with frequency v represents the photon.This wave with frequency 69.9 Hz and v is re-emitted as a radio wave.The superpositioned energy hν can be absorbed in matter 5, whereby the light wave is converted into the original gravity wave with frequency 69.9 Hz. that the photon is strictly mass less, has zero charge and propagates with the speed of the low frequency TEM wave, i.e. with the speed of light in free space.

Classical Gravitational Redshift
The classical definition of gravitational redshift is based on General Relativity and the Schwarzschild metric.Redshift is often denoted with the dimensionless variable z, defined as the fractional change of the wavelength [11] ( ) .
where λ o is the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation (photon) as measured by the observer.λ e is the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation (photon) when measured at the source of emission.The gravitational redshift of a photon can be calculated in the framework of General Relativity (using the Schwarzschild metric) as with the Schwarzschild radius where G denotes Newton's gravitational constant, M the mass of the gravitating body, c the speed of light, and r the distance between the center of mass of the gravitating body and the point at which the photon is emitted.The redshift is not defined for photons emitted inside the Schwarzschild radius, the distance from the body where the escape velocity is greater than the speed of light.Therefore this formula only applies when r is at least as large as r s .When the photon is emitted at a distance equal to the Schwarzschild radius, the redshift will be infinitely large.When the photon is emitted at an infinitely large distance, there is no redshift.In the Newtonian limit, i.e. when r is sufficiently large compared to the Schwarzschild radius r s , the redshift can be approximated by a binomial expansion to become [2].Moreover, photons, ranging from extremely low frequency to high frequency, have been produced and measured in laboratory [3].The force of attraction between TEM waves has been measured.Hence, crucial parts of the present theory have been measured in laboratory and some parts have been simulated and reproduced in laboratory.
The platform of modern physics is elementary particle physics described in the Standard Model [7].The Standard Model lacks definition of gravity; hence, it falls short in describing gravitational red and blueshift.
The General Relativity provides a metric description of gravity [11]- [13].However, it does not define the mechanism creating gravity and the mechanism creating photons.
A new theory has been launched which describes the mechanism creating gravity [2], the mechanism creating photons and light waves [3] and the mechanism which results in energy transfer between gravity waves and superpositioned energy quanta hv, i.e. photons, in e.g.light waves.It explains gravitational red and blueshift.The theory is based on electromagnetic theory and wave theory.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2.Electrons can be accelerated or decelerated.The electron contains oscillators 69.9 .The oscillator 69.9 4 in an electron creates resonance with a gravity wave and excess energy hν, caused by electron acceleration deceleration, is superpositioned on the re-emitted wave.The superpositioned energy hv with frequency v represents the photon.This wave with frequency 69.9 Hz and v is re-emitted as a radio wave.The superpositioned energy hν can be absorbed in matter 5, whereby the light wave is converted into the original gravity wave with frequency 69.9 Hz.