Psychic Cognitive Processes Development at Primary School Age

This paper describes the program of cognitive processes development for 2nd grade schoolchildren, designed and implemented at a secondary school in Aktau City (Kazakhstan). The program of cognitive processes development was designed for the 2nd grade schoolchildren. Second grade is the optimal to conduct correction development classes. Most part of the program consisted of exercises, games, techniques to develop memory, attention, verbal-logical thinking of children. The program supposed group work (7 10 people) twice a week for about 30 35 minutes before midday. Every game was “repeated” several times on different materials during several classes. Correction-development activity took 4 months. The third stage of realization of developing program was in conducting second check-up on offered before diagnostics methods. This allowed the researcher to determine how efficient was offered and approved program on cognitive processes development with primary school children development. Conducted research allowed stating that designed and approved program on the development of cognitive processes was efficient.


Introduction
One of the most important trends of school psychologist work with primary school children is cognitive area development.Development work with each of cognitive processes has its own specificity.Thus on the basis of correction of visual-image thinking at school age are revelation and reflection of objective links and relationship of the reality in the form of visual-space models.The basic objective of development and correction in this case is the formation of the child's skill to create and use significant symbolic means of cognitive tasks solution.
Herewith children orientation should be directed at general ways of activity and not only specific result acquisition.It is reasonable to use such ways of constructive activity as construction according to the sample, conditions and intention.Memory development correction can be directed at formation of general structure of mnemonic activity of the child, i.e. distinguishing of special objectives of memorizing and reproduction of the past experience and also formation of external mediation.Memory development correction is determined by the objectives of formation of the child's skills to control his activity.Cognitive area development and correction should be done in the context of both education and game activity.
One of the key statements of cultural-historic development by L.S. Vygotskiy is statement about active role of a person in environment discovery.According to L.S. Vygotskiy, development process is self-advancement of the subject owing to his activity with objects and facts of heredity and environment are only conditions that determine not the gist of development process but different variations within the norm (Vygotskiy, 1983).
L.S. Vygotskiy intentionally underlined that "the basis of upbringing process is learner's personal activity and all the skill of the teacher is to direct and regulate this activity.It is more important to teach the child to think, thus to inform him of some knowledge (Vygotskiy, 1984).
This idea was supported and developed by L.S. Vygotskiy's successors.Thus, according to D.B. Elkonin "no adult influence on psychic development processes can be done without real activity of the child himself" (Elkonin, 1974).
According to A.N. Leontyev, child's education and upbringing are nothing else than a special kind of assumption and reproduction by him socially and historically predetermined abilities.The researcher pointed out that culture as a general source of the child's psychic development functions only when the child completes an activity, directed at social abilities assumption, objected in the form of tools, things, language, works of art, etc. "The child should complete practical or cognitive activity in relation to them, which adequate (though not identical) to that human activity which is "objected" or "embodied" in them" (Leontyev, 1997).
In the works of L.S. Vygotskiy, P.Y.Galperin, V.V. Davydov, A.V. Zaporozhets, D.B. Elkonin and other representatives of Russian psychological school, it is intentionally shown that every time there is an objective in front of а person to acquire some material there will always be the place for some definite activities of the subject, connected with the discovery of this material characteristics and their acquisition.Another problem is that this activity can be formed spontaneously, can be realized and not realized by the child, be complete and conceptual at a different extent (Vygotskiy, 1997;Galperin, 1998;Davydov, 1986;Zaporozhets, 1986;Elkonin, 1998).

Methodology
We have designed and inculcated the program of cognitive processes development for the 2 nd grade schoolchildren.The choice of this grade out of all other classes of primary school was imposed by more relevance in the development of cognitive processes as in the 1 st grade the children are still on the stage of adaptation to school and experience overloads to which they have to adapt psychologically.Vygotskiy L.S. has introduced a very important notion for psychology "social situation of development", i.e. "the system of relationship" of the child and social environment, determining the contents and direction of this process and the formation of the central line of development, connected with basic new growth.The change of this system determines the basic law of age dynamics.According to this law driving forces of the child's development at this or that age lead to negation and destruction of the foundation of the whole age development; with inner necessity determining the annulment of social situation of the development and finishing this epoch of the development and transition to the next or higher age stage (Vygotskiy, 1984).
According to the data of the research second grade is the optimal to conduct correction development classes.All the stages of diagnostic and development work that have been realized with the 2 nd grade primary school children are reflected in Figure 1.
The program was directed at primary school children cognitive processes development.The most part of the program consists of exercises, games, techniques to develop memory, attention, verbal-logical thinking of children.The program supposes group work (7 -10 people) twice a week for about 30-35 minutes before midday.Every game is "repeated" several times on different material during several classes.Correction-development activity took 4 months.During program realization the psychologist has to conduct dynamic observation of every child's progress, record research results in the protocol.This will help him to plan individual and group correction classes, directed at the development of separate psychic functions and operations (motor activity development, space gnosis, attention, memory, operations of analysis, comparison, generalization, etc.).Next stage is program realization of primary school children cognitive processes development according to the scheme described in Table 1.
Conducting diagnostics of the level of cognitive processes development

Results and Discussion
During the first class the psychologist introduces children the first two games, provides everybody with the possibility to think, enclose his own variant of the solution.Every next class games familiar to children are played again and a new one is offered.The psychologist's objective is to encourage children's thinking activity, involve in the game those who prefer to keep silent, successively lead the thought about the fact that there is no correct solution that different answers are possible sometimes very unlike from each other.General recommendations offered for the games: 1) You should not suppress playful answers, as they are most often a flash of thinking irregularity; 2) The psychologist has to determine "the happy medium" between the quantity and quality of the answers.On the one hand, encourage as more as possible different answers, on the other, first of all to stimulate original creative solutions.
3) Obligatory conditions of games conducting is the discussion by the children of all offered solutions and explicit substantiation, why they liked some solution and why not they did not like the other.
The third stage of realization of developing program was in conducting second check up on offered before diagnostics methods.This allowed determining how efficient was offered and approved program on cognitive processes development with primary school children development.
Results, recorded in Figure 2 and Figure 3 allow speaking about the fact that after conducted development program on cognitive processes development it is clear that there is dynamics in attention processes changes.Thus if there are high results with 35% on productivity, stability and distribution while primary check-up and 45% and 65% during secondary check-up correspondingly.High results were not found on attention switch and capacity Table 2.The results of primary and secondary check-ups diagnostics of cognitive processes.

Primary check-ups
Secondary check-up (after development program) The meaning of 2 χ -Pearson criterion   with primary school children, whereas after program realization it prevailed with 35% of second grade primary school children.

Attention
It is necessary to point out that judging from Figure 4 and Figure 5 results have increasing tendency.According to the methods, diagnosing peculiarities of visual and mediating memorizing, memorizing dynamism and productivity it could be seen that there is an increase of the number of children demonstrating high rates after development program approbation, though average level on this retrieval still remains expressed.
If to consider dynamics change in the development of thinking processes (Figure 6 and Figure 7) here we discover that there is an increase of children number showing high results on visual-efficient (from 15% to 45%) and visual-image (from 15 to 35) thinking.The same 45% of schoolchildren continue to demonstrate high rates, however there is an increase of the number of schoolchildren with average scores 55%.Low results were not registered.Therefore it is possible to state that there is a slight increase of both high and average (25% and 35%) results.Thus, conducted research allows to state that designed and approved program on the development of cognitive processes is efficient.Increase of the number of primary schoolchildren showing high and average results and the decrease of the number of schoolchildren with low rates can be explained by the increase of the rates of apprehension, analysis, ability to act in mind, i.e. by characteristics of verbal-logic thinking, and also changes in the processes of attention and memory.

Average results
Low results

Figure 7.
Secondary check-up results on the methods diagnosing thinking (%).

Conclusion
Personality development is an infinite process of new possibilities creation, turning them into matter of fact.Age-related changes in the conditions of up-brining and teaching have decisive influence for not only psychic but also cognitive processes.Primary school children can not only acquire the ways of subjective and cognitive activities, empiric and theoretic knowledge but also be psychologically included in the education activity itself, i.e. conscientiously acquire those ways of educational activity that change and develop cognitive abilities.Primary school children are capable of developing their abilities and those personal qualities that will become the basis of cognitive processes development and as a consequence influences educational activity progress.Primary school children cognitive processes are considered as constantly changing deep and qualitative personality characteristics, directed at consciousness of activity subject and achievement of final, significant result for him.Activity, independence, initiative and creativity are the leading factors in determining personality development in modern conditions.

Average results
Low results

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.The algorythm of designing and conducting the program of primary school children cognitive processes development example of a figure caption (figure caption).

Figure 3 .
Figure 3.The results of secondary check-ups on the methods, diagnosing attention (%).

Figure 4 .
Figure 4.The results of primary check-ups on methods, diagnosing memory (%).

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Primary check up results on the methods, diagnosing thinking (%).

Table 1 .
Program contents on primary school children cognitive processes development.
Games and exercises nameWhat is development directed at Puzzles Develop image and logical thinking, the skill to single out and compare essential characteristics, train quickness and flexibility of mind, agility, ability to find original solutions "List of possible reasons" Directed at thinking breadth, in-depth analysis