Cosmic Dark Energy from ‘ t Hooft ’ s Dimensional Regularization and Witten ’ s Topological Quantum Field Pure Gravity

We utilize two different theories to prove that cosmic dark energy density is the complimentary Legendre transformation of ordinary energy and vice versa as given by E(dark) = mc2 (21/22) and E(ordinary) = mc2/22. The first theory used is based on G ‘t Hooft’s remarkably simple renormalization procedure in which a neat mathematical maneuver is introduced via the dimensionality of our four dimensional spacetime. Thus, ‘t Hooft used 4 D = −∈ instead of D = 4 and then took at the end of an intricate and subtle computation the limit 0 ∈→ , 4 D → to obtain the result while avoiding various problems including the pole singularity at D = 4. Here and in contradistinction to the classical form of dimensional and renormalization we set k ∈= and do not take the limit 0 k → where ( ) = 5 2 k φ , ( ) 5 1 2 φ = − and 5 φ is the theoretically and experimentally well established Hardy’s generic quantum entanglement. At the end we see that the dark energy density is simply the ratio of ( ) ∈= 2 4 2 D k φ = − and the smooth disentangled D = 4, i.e. γ (dark) = (4 -k)/4 = 3.8196011/4 = 0.9549150275. Consequently ( ) = 2 dark E mc , ( ) 2 21 22 mc γ = where we have ignored the fine structure details by rounding 21 + k to 21 and 22 + k to 22 in a manner not that much different from 0 ∈→ of the original form of dimensional regularization theory. The result is subsequently validated by another equally ingenious approach due mainly to E. Witten and his school of topological quantum field theory. We notice that in that theory the local degrees of freedom are zero. Therefore, we are dealing essentially with pure gravity where D(d) = d(d − 3)/2, D(d) are the degrees of freedom and d is the corresponding dimension. The results and the conclusion of the paper are summarized in Figures 1-3, Table 1 and Flow Chart 1.

are the degrees of freedom and d is the corresponding dimension.The results and the conclusion of the paper are summarized in Figures 1-3, Table 1 and Flow Chart 1.

Introduction
't Hooft's dimensional regularization as well as the role of Einstein's field equations in connection with quantum particles high energy physics was discussed by the author as well as 't Hooft himself on numerous previous occasions [1]- [5], all a part of the alternatives furnished by different theories employing an inbuilt scale invariance such as fractals and Cantor sets [5]- [7].Following recent work on clarification of the origin and nature of measurable ordinary energy density accounting for only 4.5% of the total "theoretical" energy density of the universe and the "missing" 95.5% density which are at a minimum we cannot measure directly [9]- [11], the author realized somewhat belatedly that 't Hooft's renormalization or perhaps more accurately 't Hooft-Veltman dimensional regularization procedure offered a neat elegant shortcut derivation of the density of this "missing" dark energy [9]- [11].It was also at almost the same time or a very short time after that to the author's own surprise, he realized that the whole subject could be made intimately connected to Witten's topological field theory and M-theory via an elegantly simple equation connecting the degree of freedom of the graviton in Einstein four and the eleven dimensions of M-theory.
The present work is exclusively devoted to clarifying the above and we will start with dimensional regularization and then proceed from there to the pure gravity Witten theory based solution [12]- [14].

't Hooft Dimensional Regularization
Even at the relatively low dimensionality of our classical space when time is fused to it as in Einstein's general relativity, the Riemannian tensor has 256 components.When all types of symmetries and hidden inter dependence are considered there still remains a substantial number of 20 independent components.One can therefore imagine the intricate role played by dimensions in unification theories.However, it is really the four dimensionality which brings with it more, at least mathematical difficulties than others [5] [6].Intuitively we could look at this situation as follows: A four dimensional space is neither trivial such as one or two dimensions nor is it sufficiently large to rearrange things in it mathematically speaking.For this and related reasons connected to the disastrous infinities which continuously crop up in quantum field theories and models based on it such as the electroweak theory of Weinberg-Glashow and Salam the requirement of renormalizability is indispensible [6].It is under these general circumstances that G. 't Hooft came with the idea of assuming that spacetime is not 4 D = but 4 D = − ∈ , where ∈ is a kind of appropriate small order of perturbation parameter and then letting ∈ tend to zero to restore the integer four dimensionality of spacetime at the end of the conceptually simple but computationally exhausting calculations [2]- [6].At least initially no one attached any physical interpretation to a fractional topological dimension what so ever.None the less, according to 't Hooft [15] his Ph.D. advisor and later on the co-recipient for the Nobel Prize for completing a vital corner of the standard model, M. Veltman occasionally wondered if there could be somewhere a hidden physical meaning for 4 D = − ∈ without letting ∈ go to zero or is dimensional renormalization a purely simple mathematical manoeuvre and no more.'t Hooft told the present author what is also reported in [15] that these occasional thoughts got nowhere.However at that time neither fractals were one of the tools of quantum and high energy physicists nor was fractal Cantorian spacetime invented yet.In fact it was in a conference which hosted G. 't Hooft that the present author presented a paper published sometime later in the Kluwer-Plenum Proceedings [6] with the title "'t Hooft's dimensional regularization implies transfinite Heterotic string theory and dimensional transmutation."This means in less mystifying learned language, that dimensional regularization implies the fractality of spacetime [1].Incidentally the first paper in the same volume was by 't Hooft [6] and entitled "A Confrontation With Infinity" while the fourth paper was by one of the three main founders of fractal-Cantorian spacetime, Dr. L. Nottale entitled "Scale relativity and non-differentiable fractal spacetime" [7].The result of the author's paper at that occasion [1] was to prove the existence of bi-dimensions for fractal spacetime, namely a topological dimension 4 T D = and a Hausdorff dimension [4] [5].φ is Hardy's quantum entan- glement [9] [17]- [25].It is this dimension upon which our derivation of the dark energy density (see Figures 1-3) is based as will be discussed in the next section.

The Entangled-Fractal k 4 − Spacetime
We know in the meantime quite well that ( ) 5   Hardy P φ = is a physical fact verified experimentally with high accuracy.It was a result first found by L. Hardy [17] [24] using orthodox quantum mechanics for two quantum particles.Initially it was a gedanken experiment extending Bell's theorem without inequalities [17] [24].Hardy did not realize that his probability is golden mean to the power of five until first D. Mermin and later independently the present author developed a general theory of entanglement and connected the entire subject to the Rindler wedge horizon, Unruh temperature and Hawking's negative vacuum fluctuation [10].Let us treat dimensions as a pre-particle like states in the spirit of Noether's theorem and consider their entanglement.Since 5 φ concerns two particles then one dimension would be made smaller by half the quantity of 4 φ which means  φ is Hardy's generic quantum entanglement.( ) ( ) To show that this is a solid result of E-infinity spacetime theory [18]- [25] we just need to know that it is part of the Heterotic super string hierarchy obtained by repetitive scaling of  − k is as clear as its volume interpretation (see Figures 1-3, Table 1 and Flow Chart 1 for further elaboration).It is equally clear that the golden mean Weyl-Nottale scaling is a form of non-standard differentiation of disjointed Cantor sets [4] [5] [7] [8].How to use this as well as D H to determine the dark energy density is our next task.

Dark Energy Density and Ordinary Energy Density
Measure theory applied to the problem at hand leads effortlessly to the realization that 2 E mc = of Einstein is based upon four dimensional volume D = 4 while the transfinite fractal facts all lead to the conclusion that spacetime on extremely small scales of the quantum and by Witten's T-duality also on the extremely large cosmic scale possesses "fine" structure and a corresponding non-smooth slightly smaller "dimensional volume" equal to   ( )  ( ) i.e.This could be looked upon as a scaling exponent (or non-standard substitute to differentiation) and leads via ( ) Neglecting k = 0.18033989 compared to the integer part in the spirit of 't Hooft 0 ∈→ but keeping the dif- ference in mind leads to ( ) ( ) 2 21 22 E D mc = exactly as found previously using numerous different theories where ( ) ( ) . To find the "entangled" ordinary energy is relatively a very simple task when realizing that ordinary energy is evidently given by the complimentary Legendre transformation of ( ) ( ) exactly as expected [21]- [25].

Ordinary Energy and Dark Energy from Einstein's Field Equation for Pure Gravity
In this section we rederive the preceding complimentary densities ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 21 22 E D mc = by piecing together ideas due to E. Witten and his school [12]- [14] regarding the field equations of Einstein in the complete absence of a matter field with ideas from noncommutative geometry and fractal-Cantorian spacetime theories [18]- [25].Naively, it would seem that Einstein's equation in the absence of a matter field is absolutely trivial and surely without any physical interest.However this seemingly reasonable initial opinion was questioned by many deep thinkers from the earliest of times and led among other things to the work on co-ordinates dependent singularities [10]- [15].Here the most important aspect of research findings that concerns us is that connected to the topological quantum field theory [12]- [14].In short like massless gravitons pure gravity has degrees of freedom dependent on the dimension d and given by a simple equation which is far from being simple to derive, namely [12]- [14] ( ) ( ) of a massless graviton [12].Recalling what we established in previous numerous publications, namely that the quantum particle may be modelled by the zero set and leads to the entangled and measurable ordinary energy while the quantum wave is modelled by the empty set ( ) and leads to the dark energy density which we cannot measure, then we could relax our stringent distinction between dimension of degree of freedom and treat them in this case on equal footing so that ( )  In other words, the same results of Section 2 are reproduced using an entirely different method based upon the pure gravity of general relativity [12]- [14].A comparison between the different theories used in the present work is summarized in Table 1 and Flow Chart 1.

Conclusion
What could possibly be the connection between so radically different theories such as dimensional regularization of the electroweak theory of the standard model of high energy physics and the empty field equations of Einstein's pure gravity as to give exactly the same result for a seemingly distant theory such as that of the cos-mological problem of dark energy.The short answer is the geometry and topology of spacetime underlying both theories.We think normally of quantum mechanics as a non-spacetime theory.By contrast all forms of Einstein's relativity theories are the spacetime theories par excellence.However at grass roots level both theories could be advantageously thought of in terms of a fractal spacetime geometry and topology.We think the present work is an excellent example illustrating the above.There is an almost one to one correspondence between the degrees of freedom of pure gravity for d = 3 and d = 2 as well as d = 1 and the zero set and the empty set of E-infinity Cantorian spacetime theory respectively.The final result is that the γ factor measuring the relative fractality of spacetime could be expressed in terms of the ratio of the two dimensions, namely 4 − k and 4 leading to give ( ) are in astonishing agreement with all the known cosmological measurements of COBE, WMAP, Planck as well as the supernova analysis [8]- [11] [26] [27].Finally, in view of the above, the author finds it to be justified to call

5 φ
is the theoretically and experimentally well es- tablished Hardy's generic quantum entanglement.At the end we see that the dark energy density is simply the ratio of structure details by rounding 21 + k to 21 and 22 + k to 22 in a manner not that much different from 0 ∈→ of the original form of dimensional regularization theory.The result is subsequently validated by another equally ingenious approach due mainly to E. Witten and his school of topological quantum field theory.We notice that in that theory the local degrees of freedom are zero.Therefore, we are dealing essentially with pure gravity where D (d) = d(d − 3)/2, D dimensional regularization.That is how things remained for a short time until it became clear to all working in this field that there are several fundamental dimensions all of which are physically meaningful.Thus we know that spacetime has D = 4 as an expectation value for the topological dimension of what is formally infinite dimensional and hierarchal spacetime[4] [5][11] with an expectation Hausdorff dimension coupled to it equal 34 φ + as well as a third spectral dimension found first by R. Loll and J. Ambjorn equal to D = 4.01999[16] and finally the electromagnetically entangled dimension 4 − k where four dimensions we have, following volume interpretation of the Hausdorff dimension, a dimension smaller than 4 which we interpret as a quasi Hausdorff dimension because like3

Figure 1 .Figure 2 .
Figure 1.'t Hooft-Veltman fractal spacetime of dimensional regularization as an entanglement i.e. quantum gravity vacuum state of Bosonic strings.The same result i.e. 4 D k = − where 5 2 k φ = and 5 φ is Hardy's entangle- ment may be found using the extra Heterotic dimensions of 16 6 k +  and the intrinsic Unruh entanglement 3φ .An equally valid interpretation is to see the fractal-Hausdorff dimension as the effect of three quantum particles Immirzi-like quantum entanglement on the bosanized electromagnetic inverse fine structure constant 2 o α leading to

Figure 3 . 19 10
Figure 3.An interpretation of 't Hooft-Veltman fractal dimension 4 D k = − as an intersection between generalized Yang-Mills electromagnetism and the quantum entanglement of the three Yang-Mills photons giving us an effective quantum gravity near to the grand unification scale 16 10 Gev rather than the Now the fractal character of D H= 4

1 .D
[11] [25].Consequently the ratio of 4 D k = − to that of D = 4 gives us the density of the non-entangled part of spacetime where dark energy lives.Consequently we have Table Comparison between pure gravity on the one side and E-infinity and noncomputative geometry regarding the meaning of zero set quantum particles and the empty set quantum wave on the other side.Author and name of theory A. Connes: Non commutative geometry applied to Penrose fractal universe tiling M. Duff and others: Einstein filed equation for pure gravity El Naschie et al.E-Infinity Cantorian-≡ degrees of freedom for Einstein filed equation in the absence of matter filed, i.e. pure gravity. of freedom is a quasi empty set i.e. a pre quantum wave.
. Non Commutative Geometry Academic Press San Diego, USA (1994) see in particular Page 4 92 and 93.M. Duff: The World in Eleven Dimensions.Inst. of Phys.Publications, Bristol (1999).M.S.El Naschie: A review of E-infinity and the mass spectrum of high energy particle physics.Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, 19(1), (2004), p. 209-236.Flow Chart 1.A comparison between two fundamental ways of deducing ordinary energy and dark energy destiny in four main steps.
quantum-like behaviour or a topological "field" theory[12]-[14].b)for d = 2 we have the unintuitive case of negative degrees of freedom ]-[14].Remarkably for d = 1 we have the same result, i.e. ( ) 12]-[14].That means that Einstein's vacuum is a two dimensional string sheet.d) for the complete unification M-theory d = 11 we have the well known degrees of freedom[12]-[14]

1 D 4 D and ( ) 11 D
particle zero set and ( ) 2 = − as well as ( ) 1 1 D = − represents a quantum wave empty set.Consequently the ratios ( ) may be seen as an equivalent substitute to the ratio of 4 k − and 4 or the earlier analysis of Section 2. Consequently ( ) of the degrees of freedom for d = 4 and d = 11, i.e.( ) dimension of 't Hooft-Veltman fractal spacetime.