The Legal Regime of Noise Pollution in Nigeria

Man is born with noise and dies with that, thus noise is part of human life and a natural product of human environment. Noise like smog, is a slow agent of death. Noise may not appear as a threat to global environment on the same level as deforestation, hazardous wastes or emission of poisonous gases into the atmosphere but if it continued the next 30 years as it has for the last 30 years, it could become lethal. Against this background, this paper examines noise as a factor harmful to the environment with focus on Nigeria. The paper looks at noise pollution in Nigeria and the legal regime relating to the problem. The paper examines how environmental law and other relevant sources of law endeavoured to tackle noise pollution in the country.


Introduction
Noise consists of sound, which is transported by air (Okorodudu-Fubara, 1998).Noise is not inherently harmful to the human or environment. 1It is when noise becomes unusually loud and uncontrolled that it diminishes the quality of air and adversely affects the environment, public health and welfare.2Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that causes adverse change, instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical systems or living organism. 3Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise,4 heat or light. 5Noise pollution is one of the environmental hazards affecting humans as well as climate. 6In most urban areas of the third or developing countries of the world especially Nigeria, there are lots of noise pollutants which include noise from exhaust cars, industrial as well as home generating plants.In advanced countries however, scientific experimentations like launching and re-lunching of rockets, bombs and satellites sounds constitutes a major climate pollutant (Kapoor & Singh, 1995; Nagi, Dhillon, & Dhlwat,  1999).Against this background, this paper examines noise as a factor harmful to the environment with focus on Nigeria.The paper looks at noise pollution in Nigeria and the legal regime relating to the problem.The paper examines how environmental law and other relevant sources of law endeavoured to tackle noise pollution in the country.

Sources of Noise Pollution
The main sources of noise pollution in Nigeria are electricity generating plants, vehicular traffic noise engine and pressure horns, construction/industrial noise, machinery noise, noise from religious worship, institutions and household noise.

Electricity Generating Plants
Electric energy occupies the top grade in energy hierarchy as it is in innumerable use in homes, industries, agriculture, and for transportation purpose.Nigeria's electricity power situation is very poor because of erratic power supply (Akinbulire, Oluseyi, Awosope, & Okoro, 2008).There is an upsurge in the use of electricity generating plant with its attendant noise pollution on the environment and human health.Most workplaces and homes use generating plants 24 hours in alternative to power supply.7

Vehicular Traffic Noise Engine and Pressure Horns
Increase in vehicular traffic and engine noise is a major source of noise pollution in most urban cities in Nigeria.The situation is alarming with increase in traffic density in the cities. 8 The emissions of smoke from cars are of great concern to the changes in climate.

Construction/Industrial Noise
The construction of buildings, highways and city streets causes a lot of noise.Pneumatic hammers, air compressors, bulldozers, loaders, dump trucks and pavement breakers are the major sources of noise pollution in construction sites.

Machinery Noise
Motors and compressors used in the industries create a lot of noise which adds to the detrimental state of noise pollution in Nigeria.Plumbing, boilers, generators, air conditioners and fans creates a lot of noise in the buildings and add to the prevailing noise pollution (Despak, 2009).

Noise from Religious Worship Institutions
Nigeria is a multi-religious society and is therefore prone to religious activities.These congregational worships are held in mosques, churches and other nonconventional areas like residential and workplaces, in day time and even throughout the night. 9

Household Noise
Household equipments such as vacuum cleaners, mixers and some kitchen appliances are noise makers of the house. 10Also noise can be generated from neighborhood. 11

Effects of Noise Pollution
Noise Pollution has ill effects on human beings on well as other living and non-living things.

Effects of Noise Pollution on Human Health
Noise damages the ear and causes temporary or permanent noise induced hearing loss.Auditory effects may lead to temporary hearing loss 12 or permanent hearing loss.
Many people complain that noise makes them mentally ill. 13Doctors and scientists have now medically confirmed that noise disturbs the biological organisms and their respective functions of the humans.Five crackers and other excessive and continuous explosives become physically painful giving rise to neurosis, mental illness, cardiovascular diseases, stomach ulcers and respiratory disorders reducing human life (Kaur, 2007).
Psychiatrists and psychologists have recently observed that noise has certain relation with physical health causing tension resulting in problems such as speech interference, annoyance, fatigue, sleep interference and emotional distress.Noise levels in industries causes interference in efficiency and communication and raises possibilities of accidents.

Effects on Animals and Other Living Things
The effect caused by industries, railways, explosions and commotion in the cities, aircrafts etc can be felt on animals and birds. 14Noise emissions caused by supersonic aircraft, railway noise emissions etc may cause miscarriage in mammals, fishes and birds.
Intense noise levels also affect non-living things too.The sonic booms cause cracks in national and archeological monuments as well as very high levels of noise are the cause of crackes in hills.High intensity explosions can break glass panes and vibrations in buildings.

Statutory Provisions of Noise Pollution in Nigeria
The legal regime on Noise Pollution in Nigeria can be considered under two main headings.The common law and the policy and statutes: 9 Nigeria has been undergoing a religious renaissance, which, among others, manifests in congregational worships in various forms, especially by Pentecostal Christian groups, Congregational worships are held in different places including residential areas, in the daytime and throughout the night.Noise of significant levels are generated from these congregational worships with the use of heavy public address systems and intensity of the voices of the worshippers oozing from inside.Despite the thunderous nature of the noise and its adverse effect on human health, the government has shield away from addressing the issue.For example, a Bill to control noise emission from religious places in Lagos and Kwara States was met with strong opposition and eventually, the idea was dropped, but Lagos State has been serious in controlling noise pollution levels in the state especially in religious houses through their environmental agency. 10Though they do not cause much problem, their effect on human health cannot be neglected. 11Noise pollution from neighboring apartment and noise within one's own apartment.Another causes of noise pollution is Honking Noise.Some people while honking, do not realize the inconveniences they cause others and themselves.There could be hearing difficulties, stress level may go high and also mental instability.Honking unnecessarily while driving or stationed in a place has become a trend these days and one can hear it very well at the traffic signals.Goods are advertised and sold in vehicle using loud speaker even in promoting goods and services, Loud speakers are used by transporters to invite intending travelers. 12The temporary hearing loss is a physiological phenomenon, which is reversible.Temporary loss of hearing occurs when the ear is exposed for a short duration to excessive noise or when the ear is exposed to the noise at damaging intensities for sufficiently long period of time.Sudden noise is more harmful than continuous one.The hearing limit of noise in man is about 140 dB.Human ears feel fatigue if exposed to over 80 dB for more than half an hour.It causes temporary deafness if the loudness of the noise is 100 dB.It is painful at 140 dB. 13If the intensity and the duration of the noise is high then it leads to permanent loss of hearing.It is an irreversible loss of hearing and it is caused by either prolonged noise exposure of high intensity noise or it may be caused when the intensity of the noise is more than 140 dB.When a stage is reached at which hearing loss no longer returns to its original level, it is called noise induced hearing loss or permanent threshold shift. 14Birds avoid migrating to places where noise level is above 100 dB.

Common Laws
Statutory intervention on the issue of noise pollution in Nigeria can be considered from the common law perspective.The common law intervention is through the actionable tort of nuisance. 15Through a court action for nuisance, an aggrieved person can obtain damages for injury suffered from the offensive noise and also injunction to stop any further emission of such noise. 16In Abiola vs. Ijoma, 17 the plaintiff and the defendant were neighbours occupying adjoining premises in a residential area.The plaintiff kept poultry at the back of his house.At a time the defendant kept four hundred chickens in pens erected against a wall that constituted the boundary with the plaintiff.The plaintiff contended among other claims, excessive noise made by defendant's chickens in the early hours of the morning that disturbed his sleep.The court agreed with the plaintiff and awarded damages against the defendant for nuisance.The court also made an order of injunction restraining the defendant from further acts of nuisance. 18n Tebite vs. Marine and Trading Co. Ltd. 19 The plaintiff, a legal practitioner occupied premises where he carried out his law practice.The defendants occupied adjourning premises where they carried out the business of boat building and repairing.The plaintiff sued contending principally that by operating its machines continuously for several hours a day the defendants had persistently caused the emission of loud and excessive noise and noxious fumes from their premises which caused the plaintiff much discomfort and inconvenience.It was established in the course of the proceedings that the noise generated and emitted by the defendants was excessive and much more than any noise that can be produced in any noisy area in Nigeria.The court held that the noise was excessive and awarded damages to the plaintiff and also restrained the defendants from further act of noise nuisance.
In Moore vs. Nnado. 20The plaintiff sued contending that the defendant was caused excessive to be emitted from his neighbouring by playing music unreasonably loudly until late every night.The court held that the defendant liable to the plaintiff.The court also granted the order of injunction restraining the defendant from the said act of nuisance.
However the common law remedy through court action does not offer a comprehensive and infallible solution to noise pollution in Nigeria as a result of some inherent socio-economic factors.One of such factor is the high cost of legal fees and the frustration of forensic battles in Nigeria where the adversary system of justice system is operated (Oyelade, 2007).Another factor is the traditional inclination of Nigerians to avoid legal confrontation with neighbours or other people.Taken together, the likely result of these inherent factors is that many citizens may shy away from instituting court action to confront noise pollution even where they are directly affected (Odunsi & Ogunlade, 2007).

Policy and Statutes
Looking to the serious and disastrous effects of noise pollution on human life, it is essential to take preventive and protective measures.There is no doubt; the Nigerian government has taken bold steps to curtail noise especially in the cities.As regards the statutory control of noise, it is surprising that there exists no law under the Nigerian legal system exclusively, dealing with the problem of noise or its control.
Nigeria does not have specific legislations on noise pollution as is the case in countries like the United States of America and United Kingdom.The relevant policies on noise pollution are: 1) The National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (Establishment) Act.
The National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (Establishment) Act of 2007 is the major law on noise pollution in Nigeria.The law 21 provides that: 15 Samoris vs Maja (1996) 7 NWLR (pt.460) p. 336.The tort of nuisance can be explained as the unlawful interference with a person's use or enjoyment of his property by another person.It can manifest in the form of noise, vibration, smoke, fume, smell, pollution, flooding, fire etc. 16 Luxmoore J. in Vandepant v. Mayfair Hotel Co. Ltd (1930) 1 Ch.138 recognizes the inevitability of some discomfort arising from noise in that it interferes with health enjoyment of the environment. 17(1970) 2 ALL NLR 268 18 An effective remedy to combat noise pollution lies in the court.(1971)  a) The Agency shall on the commencement of this Act, and in consultation with appropriate authorities: i) identify major noise sources, noise criteria and noise control technology; and ii) make regulations on noise, emission control, abatement, as may be necessary to preserve and maintain public health and welfare.
b) The Agency shall enforce compliance with existing regulations and recommend programs to control noise originating from industrial, commercial, domestic, sports, recreational, transportation or other similar activities.
2) National Policy on the Environment and Noise Pollution.
The National policy on the Environment of 1988 22 provided that programmes will be established to: a) set up standards including acoustic guarantees; b) prescribe guidelines for the control of neighbourhood noise especially with respect to construction sites, market and meeting places.c) prescribe permissible noise level in noise-prone industries and construction sites and to ensure the installa-

United States of America
The passage of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) 24 and the Noise Pollution and Abatement Act 25 is a remarkable step toward eradicating noise pollution in USA. 26There are also state laws; 27 many cities throughout USA have noise ordinances, which specify the allowable, sound level that can cross property lane.These ordinances can be enforced with local police powers. 28

Europe
Several European countries such as Netherlands, France, Spain and Denmark emulated the USA noise control law.The EU enacted regulations geared towards curbing noise pollution for example the EU Environmental Noise Directives 29 empowered EU to identity noise pollution levels and to trigger the necessary action both at member state and EU level.

India
Noise Pollution is a major problem in India especially during festivals of Diwali, Navaratri and Ganpati.The Government of India has regulations against fire crackers and loudspeakers. 30Awaaz foundation is an Indian NGO working to control noise pollution from various sources in Mumbai through advocacy, public interest litigation 22 Paragraph 3.12 23 Regulation 12(1) a and b National Environmental Protection (Pollution Abatement in Industries and Facilities Generating Wastes) Regulations of 1991. 241969 NEPA requires all federally founded major actions to be analyzed for all physical environment impacts including noise pollution. 251972, commonly called the Noise Control Act (NCA) 1972.NCA directed EPA to promulgate regulations for a host of noise emission. 26Before the passage of the NEPA and NCA few people in USA recognized that citizens are entitled to protection from adverse sound level exposure. 27For example, California has a Noise Element of the General plan, substantial noise data base and blueprint.The Noise Element became an integral part of the municipal or country General Plan. 28

Conclusion
The challenges posed by noise pollution on human health and the environment have not received full attention which they deserve.Generally statutory and policy provisions regulating noise pollution in Nigeria as well as other countries examined have lofty aims and are quite salutary, there is however the need for proper implementation. 32Considering the adverse effects of noise pollution on human health and the environment, it is proper to evolve proper approaches to address the issue of noise and protection of human and environmental health in Nigeria. 33The government should put in place regulatory agency that will assist in the measurement, control and enforcement of laws to achieve a desired goal.There is the need to take advantage of the opportunities presented to man by technological advancement in the area of measurement and control of noise through the use of gargets like insulator and sound proofing to doors, walls, ceilings, using ear protection and zoning urban area to maintain a separation between residential area and zones of excessive noise (Alawode, Stephen, & Adeyemi, 2008).There is the urgent need for review or strategic assessments of government policies, plans and programmes for noise pollution and environmental health. 34Finally there is a need for public enlightenment, education and sensitization on the hazards, dangers and human health problems to be associated with noise pollution.
tion of noise dampers on noise equipment; d) set up quiet zones especially within game parks, reserves and recreational centres; e) ensure compliance with stipulated standards by conducting periodic audit checks.3) National Environmental Protection (Pollution Abatement in Industries and Facilities Generating Wastes) Regulations and Noise Pollution.The National Environmental Protection (Pollution Abatement in Industries and Facilities Generating Wastes) Regulation of 1991 enjoined designated industrial layouts separate from residential areas and to create buffer zones separating industrial areas from residential areas. 234) National Guideline and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria.The National Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria of 1991 were meant to monitor and control industrial and urban pollution.
Noise Pollution Clearinghous, Montpelier, TV Noise Regulations and Ordinances of US Cities, Countries and Towns. 29(2002/49/EC) 30 Government of India: Central Pollution Control Board FAQs awareness and educational campaigns since 2003.Under Environmental Protection Act, 1966 India equally established Noise Pollution Control Rules, 2000 in order to curb the growing problem of noise pollution. 31