An Investigation of the Impact of Installation of Cd-Lined Irradiation Channel in NIRR-1 on Core Physics Data for ENAA

Prior to the installation of the Cd-liner in one of the large outer irradiation channels of NIRR-1, a Monte Carlo simulation was performed using MCNP5 version 1.4 code. This was done to investigate the effect of installation of Cd-liner in either an inner or outer irradiation channel on reactor physics parameters. Data obtained indicate that the core excess reactivity in both inner and outer irradiations channels is reduced by 3.60 ± 0.07 mk and 0.64 ± 0.06 mk, respectively. Considering the fact that NIRR-1 has a cold core excess reactivity of 3.77 mk, results obtained show that installation of the 1 mm thick Cd-sheet in one of the large outer irradiation channels would have no significant impact on the core physics data. After installation of a 1 mm Cd sheath in a large outer irradiation channel, the neutron flux distribution and the stability in the irradiation channels were monitored by foil activation method. Results indicate that the uniformity of neutron flux distribution in the irradiation channel is preserved and the neutron flux data were found to be comparable with the data obtained before the installation.


Introduction
Miniature Neutron Source Reactor (MNSR) facilities are low-power compact nuclear research reactors installed on university campuses for education and training.They are very suitable for Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) and limited radioisotope production.The commercial MNSR facilities are sited outside China, in Pakistan, Syria, Ghana, Iran and Nigeria.
The Nigeria Research Reactor-1 (NIRR-1) at the Centre for Energy Research and Training, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria is one of the commercial MNSRs and was commissioned in 2004.Like most commercial miniature neutron source reactors (MNSR) outside China, movable thermal neutron shields in the form of Cd-box or BN capsules are used to perform epithermal neutron activation analysis (ENAA).In order to reduce radiation exposure due to the use of burnable capsules and to extend the scope of analysis suited for elements like I and Br in biological matrix and also for U, Th, and REEs in geological samples, the MCNP code was used to design a 1 mm thick Cd-liner in inner and outer channels respectively.This effect is to filter out the thermal (E < 0.0253 eV) neutron spectrum component, while leaving the epithermal (1 eV < E < 100 keV) neutron part relatively unperturbed.ENAA protocol is a well-known technique which improves the sensitivity for the detection of nuclides with high resonance integrals in the presence of elements having high thermal neutron capture cross section especially Na [1][2][3].The Monte Carlo codes have been used extensively to simulate the core configuration of NIRR-1 and performed a number of investigations [4][5][6][7][8].

Materials and Method
The NIRR-1 is a compact low-power research reactor which has been designed to be economic, inherently safe and easy to operate.The core is made up of 347 fuel pins with an enrichment of over 90% and three dummy rods.However, detailed description of the reactor can be found elsewhere [4].In this work, the MCNP model of NIRR-1 was designed with a 1 mm thick Cd-lined shield modeled in an inner and an outer irradiation channels to investigate the effect of the installation on core excess reactivity.An MCNP geometrical representation of NIRR-1 axial plane showing 1 mm thick Cd-liner in the outer irradiation channel is shown in Figure 1.The input files were executed as KCODE source problem for criticality calculations using the MCNP5 code version 1.40, which runs on a Linux Cluster in the computational reactor physics laboratory at the Centre for Energy Research and Training, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.It was executed on multiple processors using MPI parallel computing capabilities with MCNP5 executables.All jobs were executed with the "TASK n" option made with 400,000 particles in 400 cycles.One of the basic tally card f 4:N, the track length estimate in the cell with different energy bins was constructed for the calculation of axial neutron flux distributions in the irradiation channels according to the 640 group energy structure.The characteristic of the neutron spectral distribution in 640 group energy structure from the MCNP simulation with and without the Cd-liner is shown in Figure 2.
The Cd-shielded irradiation channel, which has now been installed was designed and manufactured by China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE), Beijing China.It consists of an inner cylindrical Al tube of 31 mm in diameter shielded by 1 mm thick Cd sheath and a height of 25 cm.All of which is embedded in a 39 mm thick Al tube with an air passage in between.A cross sectional view of the irradiation tube is depicted in Figure 3.After installation of the Cd-shielded irradiation channel, the relative neutron flux distributions and stability in the five irradiation channels namely, A1, B2, and B3 (inner irradiation channels) as well as A2 and B4 (outer irradiation channels with A2 as Cd-lined channel) were monitored.The layout of NIRR core configuration showing the irradiation channels is presented in Figure 4.The monitoring was performed using pure copper wires and Al-Au (0.1%), IRMM-530 monitor foil via the nuclear reactions; 63 Cu(n, γ) 64 Cu, 197 Au(n, γ) 198 Au and 27 Al(n, p) 27 Mg respectively.To determine the stability of neutron flux distributions in the irradiation channels, Cu wire was cut into several pieces made up of weights ranging between 0.0987 and 0.1388 g.They were each packed inside appropriate vials and irradiated in turn for 5 minutes in the respective irradiation channels.Similarly, the thermal, epithermal and fast neutron flux distributions in channels A2 and B2 were determined by irradiating circular pieces of Al-Au (0.1%), IRMM-530 monitor foil.Irradiations were performed for 30 and 120 minutes in channels B2 and A2 respectively, so as to induce suffi- cient activities to obtain good counting statistics.All the irradiations were performed at a reactor power of 15.5 kW, which corresponds to a neutron flux of 5.0 × 10 11 n/cm 2 •s on the control console.The induced radioactivities based on 64 Cu, 27 Mg and 198 Au residual radionuclides were measured on a well calibrated gamma ray spectrometry set up consist of a HPGe detector and electronic modules.Detail description of our gamma ray spectrometry set up has been described elsewhere [9,10].The description of the monitor foils and nuclear data of nuclear reactions used in this work are presented in Table 1.

Results and Discussion
Two sets of input decks were constructed for the current HEU core of NIRR-1 with and without Cd-liner in an inner and an outer irradiation channels.Results of the eff k multiplication factors and the core excess reactivity calculated for the two channels are presented in Table 2.
The loss of core excess reactivity ∆ρ was determined by running the input deck to determine the k-eigen values without Cd liner (i.e.k without ) and with it in the inner and outer irradiation channels respectively.(i.e.k Cd ) and fully withdrawn using the relation below.
From the data in Table 2, it can be seen that the loss of core excess reactivity as a result of the installation will reduce the core excess reactivity by 3.60 mk and 0.64 mk in inner and outer Cd-lined sites respectively.As such, the effect of the installation of the Cd-liner in the large outer channel on core excess reactivity is negligible and will preserve the uniformity of the neutron flux in the ten irradiation channels of NIRR-1.Consequently, the CIAE designed large outer irradiation tube with 1 mmm Cd sheath was found to be suitable for installation in NIRR-1 for ENAA.
Furthermore, from the measured activities induced in irradiated Cu wires, we determined specific activity ratios in the respective channels as depicted in Table 3.As can be seen, the activity ratios in the inner channels are approximately equal to unity.The activity ratios of innerto-outer indicate that the neutron flux in an inner channel is approximately twice that of an outer channel in line with experimental and theoretical data obtained in previous works before the installation of Cd sheath.A confirmation of this can also be seen in the value of ratio of an inner-to-outer Cd lined site, approximately equal to 22, which is twice that of an outer-to-outer Cd lined site,  approximately equal to 11.From these data, it can be seen that the neutron flux distribution and stability have not been affected by the installation of Cd in one of the large outer irradiation channels of NIRR-1.Similarly, using the measured induced activities via 198 Au and 27 Mg radionuclides, the thermal, epithermal and fast neutron flux values in an inner channel, B2 and the Cd-lined channel, A2 were determined and presented in Table 4.
From the results, absolute thermal, epithermal and fast neutron flux data in an inner irradiation channel B2 are comparable with our previous results [9,10].In the Cdlined outer irradiation channel, the absolute value of the fast neutron flux is slightly three times greater than the epithermal flux.

Conclusion
Investigations were performed by using the MCNP code to check the effects of installation of a permanent epithermal neutron irradiation channel in either the inner or the outer site of NIRR-1.Using a Cd-shield of 1 mm thickness, the reactor core excess reactivity was calculated for installation in an inner and an outer site, respectively.Data obtained indicate that installation in an inner channel will reduce the cold core excess reactivity significantly, thereby following the installation of 1 mm thick Cd sheath in a large outer irradiation channel, necessitating the addition of shims to achieve the recommended licence range of 3.5 -4.0 mk.However, the reduction in reactor cold core excess reactivity is negligible if the Cd shield is installed in an outer.Consequently, a Cd-lined irradiation tube was designed and has since been installed in NIRR-1 for ENAA.Results of measurements performed by using activation detector foils/ wires indicate that the neutron flux distribution and stability were preserved.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.MCNP geometrical representation of NIRR-1 axial plane showing 1 mm thick Cd-liner in an outer channel.

Figure 2 .Figure 3 .
Figure 2. A comparison of MCNP simulated energy-dependent neutron flux in an outer irradiation channel with and without the Cd-liner.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4.A layout of NIRR-1 core configuration showing the irradiation channels.