Development of Antioxidants Synthesized by Phase Transfer Catalysts for Lubricating Oil

The oxidation stability of lubricating oil has a critical influence on the oil performance during service. In this paper, dibenzyl-S-phenyl thioglyconitrile and other derivatives were prepared by phase transfer catalysts and investigated as antioxidants. These compounds were added to oil in different concentrations. The antioxidants activities of different dosages were evaluated and the mechanism was suggested according to micelle and its thermodynamics. The oxidation of the oil has been carried out at different time intervals. The degradation of the oil has been monitored by total acid formation. Oxidation stability of lube oil was largely affected by sulphur and concentration of aromatic hydrocarbons in oil, with the increased sulphur content increasing oxidation stability. The prepared compounds gave higher oxidation stability than imported compound (IRCANOX L 135CIBA).


Introduction
One of imported properties of lubricating base oil is their oxidation stability.It is well known that oxidation stability of base oil is very sensitive to their composition, especially to sulphur and aromatic hydrocarbon content.To reach a maximum oxidation stability of lubricating oil, the concept of optimum aromaticity was introduced by Van Fuchs and Dimond in 1942 [1], and it was recently confirmed even for antioxidant containing oils [2].Antioxidants can generally be considered as free radical inhibitors of peroxides decomposers, and may vary in chemical structures.Three types of additives are proved to be the success fuel in controlling the degradation of lubricating oils, radical scavengers, and hypoperoxide decomposers, as well as synergistic mixtures of both of them.The polyfunction alized phenols linked to hetero cyclic derivatives had been evaluated as antioxidants [3].
Organic sulphur compounds are used in lubricating compositions for their extreme pressure and anti wear as well as their oxidation stability [4].
The aim of this paper is to study the effect of phase transfer catalysts on the yield of dibenzyl-S-phenyl l thio glycol nitrile and its derivative used as antioxidant.A comparison between the synthesized compounds and the imported (IRCANOX L 135-CIBA) was obtained.

Experimental
The paraffinic gas oil has physic chemical properties were listed in Table 1.
Preparation antioxidants dibenzyl-S-phenyl thio glyconitrile (A): S-Phenyl thio glyconitrile (7.5 gm 0.05 mol), benzyl chloride 14.4 g 0.011 mol, 50% aqueous NaOH 20 mol, phase transfer catalyst (benzyl triethanol ammonium chloride prepared by Omar et al. [4], 0.25 gm were stirred vigorously under nitrogen, the mixture was stirred for three hours.Then diluted with water, prtoduct dibenzyl Oxidation test was carried out at 120 C according to ASTM D 943 standard method.The dose of antioxidants was added in different concentrations ranging from 10 −5 to 0.1 mole/L.The oil samples after 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours of oxidation time were analyzed for total acid number.
Surface and interfacial tension measurement: Surface tension of different concentration for 10 −5 to 0.1 mole/L of the synthesized antioxidants was measured by using a tensiometer Kruss model 8451 in petroleum ether at 30 nC according to Omar et al. [4].

Results and Discussions
The yields of alkylation product in the presence benzyl triethyl ammonium chloride as the catalyst are listed in the following: The yield was found to be much higher using benzyl chloride in alkylation and faster.These results suggest that the product distribution is thermodynamically with highly reactive benzyl chloride but kinetically controlled in reaction with less reactive compound.It found that, the yield with benzyl chloride increased with increasing amounts of NaOH up to 2 moles per mole of phenyl acetonitrile, beyond which no further increase was observed.Also increasing the concentration of the catalyst benzyl triethyl ammonium chloride lead to increase the yield of product until the critical concentration 0.025 mole per mole of phenyl acetonitrile as shown in the following Table 2.
To suggest the mechanism of additive as antioxidant and improving the oxidation stability of oil sample, it must be studied the physical properties of oil and additives in oil phase.Values of the surface tensions at 25 C obtained for various concentrations of additives A and B in petroleum ether are shown graphically in Figure 1.
From the intersection point in the vs log c curves, the critical micelle concentration (CMC) is determined.The surface properties are calculated according to Omar (2001) [4].
It found the CMC value decrease and depends on additive molecular weight.This indicating the structure of alkyl group is a controlling factor in micellization processes (Figure 1).The effectiveness (π cmc ) is maximum surface excess and minimum surface area for additives under study was calculated according to Omar et al. [4].Studying the results in Table 3 shows that the synthesisized additive B has large value of effectiveness and minimum surface area A min , this mean that the additive is the most efficient one that favors adsorption in the micelliza-    1.The amount of aromatic hydrocarbons was about 10%, while amount of polar hetero compounds was almost negligible and has low carbon residue content.As we known the oxidation tests of oil was studied by oxidizing the oil at 120 C and evaluation oxidation stability by determination of the viscosity at 100 C and total acid number after different times.The results given in Table 4 show that both viscosity and total acid number increase with the increasing time of oxidation under the same conditions.We suggest due to free radical and formation of sludge and acidic compounds.The synthesized additive B was compare with additive A as antioxidant.In addition, kinematic viscosity at 100 C, acid number used as complementary evaluation parameters.Amount of oxidation product formed by oxidation was determined by fractionation of oil before and after oxidation tests.Changes in viscosity characteristics of oil after oxidation are shows in Table 5.There were great differences between two additives A and B, the oxidation time slightly increase the viscosity, this due to formation of carboxylic acids from oxidation processes.The additives A and B retard the increasing of oil viscosity by increasing the oxidation time.On the other hand the oxidation inhibition efficiency of these additives increases with increasing their concentration and reach optimums at the critical concentration of each additive (cmc).Beyond the cmc value, the oxidation stability of the oil not changes and remains stable.There is a good relation between oxidation stability of oil with cmc of each additive.These results are confirmed by determination the total acid number as shown in Table 6.It shows that, addition of additives to oil also inhibit the increasing of total acid number by oxidation.Also additive B gives the best re sults at 10 −3 mol/L with respect to its cmc.The obtain results provide possibility of assuming that the action mechanism of micelle in inhibiting RO.Radical.This means that additive A and B act as antioxidant is based on formation of micelle in oil phase.This micelle interacts with polar oxygen-containing product formed during oxidation and abstract or incorporates them in its core.As the results products are removed inside this core and inhibit propagation step of reaction.As the results, decreasing the amount of free radicals intermediates.On the other hand, the additive B is give micelles at lower concentrations and more stable than additive A according to surface and thermodynamic properties as shown in (Table 3).It can be suggested that novel mechanism for antioxidants according surface properties of additive.
Further work need to study synergistic effect between two additive and micelle structure.

Conclusion
Oil-soluble antioxidants prepared by phase transfer catalyst give a novel type of inhibition, micelle inhibition.We suggest the free radicals species catching inside micelle core.The surface and thermodynamic parameters are proved to be successful in controlling the oxidation stability of oil and depend on cmc of each additive.In the next paper, we will study the synergistic effect between two additives and micelle structure.

Table 1 . Characteristics of the gas oil.
C H CH CN 2C H CH Cl NaOH C H C CH C H CN + +  →

Table 2 . Effect of concentration of phase transfer catalyst on the yield of product at concentration 2 mole/mol/reac- tant.
Figure 1.Effect of different concentrations of additives on surface tension.