Environmental Impacts of Quaid-e-Azam Industrial Estate on Neighboring Residential Area in Lahore, Pakistan

Industries have contributed for human development by improving human life styles, increasing human life expectancy rate, providing more and more jobs. Still industrialization has many negative impacts on the environment and especially on human health. This investigation was carried out to probe the impacts of Quaid-e-Azam Industrial Estate on Township area, Lahore. During this investigation wastewater monitoring and ambient air monitoring had been done. Samples from main industrial drain were collected for wastewater analysis and seventeen parameters including pH, temperature, color, odor, turbidity, conductivity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chlorides, oil/grease, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), ammonia-nitrogen (NH3 N2), iron, sulfate, nickel and chromium were investigated. Among them pH, total suspended solids, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, ammonia-nitrogen were found exceeding the NEQS limits. The ambient air samples were also collected and five parameters of ambient air including particulate matter (PM10), nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and noise were monitored. Among them only particulate matter was exceeding the WHO guidelines. Although there were few parameters like pH, TSS, BOD, COD and NH3 N2 of water and PM10 of air, which do not lie within the national environmental quality standards (NEQS) limits but proper monitoring is needed to be done so that parameters may not cross their permissible limits in future. This problem must be taken into consideration by both the management of Quaid-e-Azam Industrial Estate and Governmental agencies because it is the responsibility of state also to make the environment clean.


Introduction
Industrialization has contributed for human development as it has improved human lifestyles, increase life expectancy rate, and provide more employment.On the other hand, industrialization has negative impacts on the environment and human health.Industry has become a major contributor to environmental degradation 1.Generally five manufacturing sub sectors are known to be big polluters.These are: iron and steel; nonferrous metals; nonmetallic minerals, chemicals, and pulp and paper 2.
Industrial pollution is far more serious in many cities of Pakistan.Industrial pollution is often increased very rapidly in the absence of an effective planning and regulation system as today many cities are developing in a very haphazard manner 3.They are now causing the failure to plan for future systematic and homogeneous development.Smoke, dust, fumes, odor and poor zoning practices have spoiled fine residential areas 4.Pakistan contains pollutants, which are mostly developed as a result of urbanization, modernization, industrialization, and due to the results of human activities.Most of them are non-bio-degradable, which cause negative impact on the environment 5.When these pollutants come into the environment, they bring irreversible damage to the natural resources and ecosystems 6.
Quaid-e-Azam Industrial Estate (Q.I.E), Lahore is the largest planned Industrial estate of the Punjab Province.It was established in 1960 with the help of Canadian Government.It comprises of 477 industries, which are spread over an area of 565 acres of land.There are medium and small scale industries in this industrial estate.Many industries are involved and working simultaneously such as food, dyeing and printing, pharmaceuticals, textiles and auto parts etc 7.This study was carried out to investigate the impacts of Q.I.E on Township Area, Lahore as the residents of the area are under threat due to various emissions and effluents discharged from these industries.Two major aspects i.e. wastewater monitoring and ambient air monitoring had been done during this project.

Materials & Methods
This investigative study has two main sections.First one is wastewater monitoring and the second one is ambient air monitoring.

Wastewater Sampling and Analysis
Five samples of wastewater were collected from the wastewater drain at equal distances (500 m apart).Color, odor, temperature, pH and conductivity were the parameters investigated in the field and the rest of the parameters like Turbidity, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) Ammonia-Nitrogen, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Oil/Grease, Chlorides, Sulfates, iron, Nickel and Chromium were determined later in the laboratory by using methods described in Standard methods for the examination of water & wastewater 8-9.
Different instruments were used during wastewater analysis, which include pH meter, Conductivity meter, Turbidity meter, Colorimeter, COD reactor, Kjeldahl distillation flask and Spectrophotometer 10.

Ambient Air Monitoring
Ambient air samples were collected at a minimum distance of 1 km away from the Industrial estate and then analysis were carried out.In this way four samples were collected.Samples for particulate matter, NO 2 and SO 2 were collected using a respirable dust sampler in the field 11.The absorption solutions of SO 2 and NO 2 were later analyzed through spectrophotometer by standard methods 8.While the noise and CO were measured through digital noise meter and CO meter respectively 12.

Results & Discussion
The first parameter that had been investigated was the color of wastewater.It had a wide range including dirty green, brown, brownish pink, dark grey, and light grey depending upon the composition of industrial effluents drained into it.Odor was the second physical parameter that had been tested and found to be offensive due to presence of many organic and inorganic pollutants.The temperature of the wastewater samples taken from main industrial drain was below the NEQS and ranged from 35.1℃ to 38.6℃.The turbidity values of all samples fall in range of 100-500 NTU except sample 1 whose turbidity was 78 NTU (Table 1).
TSS value of all samples was far above the permissible limit described in NEQS that is 200 mg  L -1 except sample 1 whose TSS value was in the range of NEQS.This can reduce light penetration, decreasing algal growth, and low algal productivity of the waterways.
TDS values of all samples taken from main industrial drain were far below the NEQS limit that is 3500 mg  L -1 (Table 1).According to NEQS the limit for pH is from 6 -9.The pH values at point 1 and 2 were within the NEQS range while pH values at point 3, 4, 5 were higher than the limit.At point 3, pH was the maximum i.e. 9.7 because of the presence of textile and ghee industries close to point 3.As a result of high pH values ecological misbalance can be caused if this effluent drains into stream or river.
The limit of COD must not be more than 150 mg  L -1 but COD values of all samples were greater than this limit that was from 264 mg L -1 up to 419 mg mg BOD values at all points ranged from 97.2 mg  L -1 to 185.4 mg  L -1 which was far more than the permissible limit, that is 80 mg  L -1 (Table 1).If effluents with high BOD levels are discharged into a stream or river, it will accelerate bacterial growth in the river and consume the oxygen levels in the river.Due to high BOD, oxygen may diminish to levels that are lethal for most fish and many aquatic insects.Permissible limit for oil and grease was 10 mg  L -1 and values of all samples were below this limit.The trend of nitrogen concentration first decreased at point 2 then increased but at point 4 it again decreased drastically and then increased at point 5 again.The amount of chlorides in main industrial drain was far less than permissible limit (1000 mg L -1 ). NEQS limit for sulfates is 600 mg  L -1 and values of all five points were below this limit.Permissible limit for iron according to NEQS is 8 mg L -1 and iron concentration of all samples was below this limit.NEQS limit for nickel is 1 mg   L -1 and value of Ni at all points was far below this limit.Amount of chromium in main industrial drain was far below the permissible limit.Heavy metals were in low concentrations and the reason behind this is that there is no metallurgical operation in autopart industries; only their assembly is done there.Since there are very few electroplating industries, the level of Cr & Ni were low and within permissible limits.
The samples analyzed for CO had lower values as compared to WHO guidelines (100,000 µg m -3 ) which showed that the over all concentration of CO in the am bient air is far below the limit (Table 2) hence can not cause any bad impact on the human health.Quantity of SO 2 at all points was far more less than WHO guidelines.Permissible limit for NO 2 according to WHO is 200 µg  m -3 and results of all points showed that they were under this range hence cannot affect anyone.PM 10 must not be more than 150 µg m -3 but quantity of PM 10 at point 3 and point 4 was above this limit.Higher values of PM 10 can cause eye irritation and respiratory diseases like bronchitis and asthma.High quantity of PM 10 can also affect plant's photosynthetic activity by blocking stomata.NEQS limit for noise is 85 dB (A) and noise measured at all four points was below this limit so it cannot have harmful impacts on community.
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Conclusions
The two major aspects including wastewater monitoring and ambient air monitoring of Quaid-e-Azam Industrial Estate, Lahore had been taken into account during the study.Seventeen parameters were selected for wastewa-ter analysis.All of these parameters were within permissible limit (NEQS) except pH, TSS, BOD, COD, ammonia-nitrogen.Ambient air samples were collected at a minimum distance of 1 km from Q.I.E.Five parameters including particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and noise were selected for ambient air analysis.All the parameters were within the permissible limits except particulate matter (PM 10 ) that exceeded the WHO guidelines.
There were few parameters like pH, TSS, BOD, COD and NH 3 -N 2 of water and PM 10 of air, which did not lie within the NEQS limits.Therefore proper monitoring is needed so that parameters may not cross their permissible limits in future.This problem must be taken into consideration by Q. I. E Administration and Governmental agencies both to save the environment.