Identification of Rotor Unbalance as Inverse Problem of Measurement

In this paper, the problem of identification of the characteristics of the rotor unbalance on two supports is investigated as the inverse problem of measurement. The vibration of rotor supports in two mutually perpendicular directions used as the initial information. The inverse problem is considered, taking into account the error of the mathematical description of rotor-bearings system. To obtain estimates of real unbalance characteristics, the hypothesis as to the exact solutions is applied. The method of Tikhonov regularization is used to obtain stable results. Test calculations are given to illustrate the proposed approach.


Introduction
The constructional differences of rotors and their domains of exploitation led to the creation of special methods of balancing.In many cases, the only criterion of rotor balancing is the absence (or the permissible value) of dynamical responses of supports.The compensation of deflections on length of rotor is considered only as the means to arrive of minimum of main criterion.In other cases, the reach of minimum of its deflections or its bending moment is taken as the criterion of rotor balancing.Such difference in choice of criterion can explain that for each case the parameters that are the main for given type of rotors are chosen.The reactions of supports or corresponding vibrations are taken for criteria of rotors balancing in particular to turbine-generator-building and the rotor deflection axis in jet engine building [1,2].
The basis of the most existing methods of flexible rotors balancing is the measuring of rotor vibrations and its supports, namely measuring of deflection and phases of rotating rotor followed by the choice and putting of trial plummets according to the shape of normal mode of vibrations.
The motion of flexible rotor relative to the rotating together with its coordinate system (one of axis coincides with the geometric axis of rotor) is described by Fred-holm equation of the first kind.This equation is substituted for the matrix equation of form:   Balancing plummets are calculated with the help of the initial values of vibrations i from condition of remaining amplitudes minimum.The definition of balancing plummets is made by least squares method.The information about experimental complex values of influence coefficients that are obtained by different balancing is neutralized as a rule.

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The main tendencies of balancing methods development are connected with ways of development of coefficient influence definition [2,3].
Besides, current passive methods do not give the complete information about the position of unbalance if the rotor has a large length along the axis of rotation.
The suggested algorithms of unbalance evaluation use the experimental data about vibrations (accelerations) of two rotors' support in two mutually perpendicular directions during the work and a few rotor rotations as the initial information.These algorithms do not demand special conditions of work or the installation of trial plummets.

Problem Definition
Let us consider a deformable rotor rotating on two non-rigid supports [4,5].We introduce rectangular righthand coordinates system O .The axis O coincides with axis of the rotating shaft of rotor.The axis O belongs to the plane of rotor in horizontal position.The axis O has vertical direction.We obtain equations of rotor motion in the following [4,5]: 1) Weight's centers and stiffness's centers of crosssection of rotor coincide; 2) Eccentricity of rotor's disk is one-order infinitesimal with a displacement under vibrations.
The motion of rotor on two non-region supports is described by system of ordinary differential equations of 18 th order [4,5].Unbalance of rotor is modeled by some external load (EL).The value of this EL and the place of its action is it necessary to find.It is assumed that the vibrations of rotor supports in two mutual perpendicular directions are obtained from experiment.Let us suppose that the functions where is the radius of rotor, r is the mass of unbalance reducing to a surface of rotor, r m   is the angular velocity of rotation, is unbalance arm, h  is angular deviation of the factor of EL with respect to correction plane.If the unbalance is absent then the functions 3 will be equal to zero.We suppose that with the help of acceleration transducers the function have been recorded ( are the acceleration of supports in horizontal direction, B are the acceleration of supports in vertical direction).As an example, we consider the equation for the unknown function only.

 ,
z t Then the problem of unbalance measurement is reduced to the solution of integral equations of Volltera first kind where 1 is a linear integral operator A depending on vector parameters of mathematical model (MM) of "rotor-supports" system (   is the sign of transposition); is the vector-function of initial data.Subjective factors influence on the definition of parameters of system "rotor-supports" MM and therefore the parameters are supposed to have their values within certain limits: . In this way the vector can be changed inside the known closed region .
The equations for required functions will be similar to the Equation (1).
For a rotor on two supports for function the vector parameters of MM has a kind , where E is module of Jung of rotor material, m is the mass of rotor, m A is the mass of the A support, m B is the mass of the B support;   are the stiffness of supports A and B with respect to the horizontal and vertical direction; , b A B b   are the coefficients of external friction; a is the distance of gravity centre of rotor to the A support, a + b = l is the shaft length of rotor.
The vector function  x is obtained using the experimental data (vibrations of supports) where the noise is present.Therefore it is convenient to think that each component of vector function  x and function u  belongs to L 2 [0, T].Under this conditions the problem of equation (1) solution belongs to ill-posed problems if the searched functions   1 z t belong to   0, C T as the operator A in (1) is completely continuous [6].
The value of function deviation 1, u  from the exact function is given (if exact operator is linear):

Statements of Identification Problem as Inverse Problem of Measurement
Let us consider the set of possible solutions of Equation (1) with account of whole error of initial data The set 0 , h Q  is unbounded for any 0 0   as this problem is ill-posed [6].
For definition of stable approximate solution is used the regularization method of Tikhonov [6].This way is based on the search of following extreme problem solu-tion: where   z  is the stabilizing functional which is defined on 1 Z ( 1 Z is the everywhere dense set into Z).
0 1 The choice such functional is explained by the following reasons: • The solution 0 z of an extreme problem (2) least will deviate zero and to have least first derivative in root-mean-square sense; • The solution 0 z will give an estimation from below of exact solution z of Equation ( 1) . From the practical point of view the function gives a guaranteed estimation from below sizes of real of a rotor in sense of functional there is known limiting an allowable size for the given type of rotor machine) then the rotor is working in emergency operation with guarantee.
is carried out, then no objective conclusions can be made.We will be named the solution of extreme problem (2) as estimation from below of real unbalance.
In work [7] regularizing algorithm was suggested for Equation (1) with approximate linear operator A  for Banach spaces , Z U , which based on the regularization method [6].
The solution of problem (1) is reduced to the solution of following extreme problem: where   z  is stabilizing functional for Equation (1) which defined on 1 Z , the set 1 Z is everywhere dense into Z .
Regularization parameter  can be obtained from equation of general discrepancy: where is measure of discrepancy.So in this paper the estimation of inverse problem solution instead of solution of Equation (1) is suggested.The following hypothesis is assumed for this purpose [8,9]: the such inequality is valid The inequality ( 5) is evident if the exact operators are linear one.
In the given work it is supposed, that all approximate operators 1, p B in (1) have the same structures which depend from some vector parameters .In this case extreme problem (2) can be replaced by the following extreme problem [11]: Now in set of the possible solutions "the extraneous functions" have not got.
It is evident that Therefore the use of the set instead of * , h Q  allows obtaining the most "thin" solution.
From the practical point of view the solution z  of an extreme problem (6) has the same meaning, as well as 0 , but gives an exacter estimation from below.We will be named the solution of extreme problem (6) as estimation from below of real unbalance also.But the inequality For the solution of an extreme problem (6) it is offered to use a method of a choice of the minimal special mathematical model of system "rotor-supports" [11,12].It allows getting more exact estimation of exact solution.
For the realization of such approach it is necessary to choose within the vectors some vector for all possible X   x and all .The operator 1, p D  p B with parameter 0 p D  will be called the minimal operator.Appropriate to this operator the model is named as the minimal MM [12,13].
If the minimal MM exists, then the extreme problem (6) can be replaced by an equivalent simpler extreme problem: Let's consider the problem on existence of the mini- const and at constant size of unbalance between functions and , also there is a connection , where -Const,  > 0.
In this case function 1 5 31 1 6 41 1 7 51 3 52 , , where are positive constants.In a problem of modeling of fluctuations in ventilator of the furnace the parameters of MM were the following [14]: 4 4 0.84 10 kg, 0.9 10 kg, 2 10 H/m , 3 10 m , 0.34 10 kg, 0.35 10 kg, 0.65 10 H/m, 0.7 10 H/m, and the value has appeared less least roots of the equations 0, 0, Then, taking into account expressions (6 t is possible to Hence, in a considered example the minimal model ex .
It is possibly that the size of ists and corresponds to a vector exceeds admissible size of .But the vector parame-0  err ters p of MM is given with or.To make this conclusion about a similar situation with a guarantee it is necessary to consider all possible sets , p Q  , then in them to find all functions ˆp z which minim It is obvious that he solution of an extreme problem (10) it is offe solution of an extreme pr red to use a method of a choice of the special maximal MM of system "rotor-supports".
It is possible to show that the oblem (10) under some conditions always exists.

Test Calculation
examination of unbalance charre was a calculated case when For the realization of such approach it is necessary to choose within the vectors p D  some vector 1 p D  such that to this operator the model is named as the special maximal MM [9,10].
If the special maximal MM exists then the so eter 1 p rop be ca maxi riate lution of an extreme problem (10) will coincide with the solution of the following extreme problem: For considered before an example the special maximal M  .
If at a vector parameters p is inexact the part of para t of a problem of ro M exists, unique and corresponds to a vector  1 , , , , , , , , , , meters is given only then a situation essentially to not change but only the vector parameters p will have only smaller dimension.In a number of cases it is possible to carry out a choice of the special minimal or special maximal MM only in part of parameters of a vector p.And in this case it is possible to receive some prize in accuracy of the approximate estimation.
Let us consider the following statemen tor unbalance identification: to find the function pl z among set of the possible solutions of the Equation ( which would give the least maximal deviation from the experimentally measured vibrations of support of a rotor for all operators 1, 1) p B .Such statement is reduced to the solution of the following extreme problem: where , p z  is the solution of extreme problem (11) matrix of dimension n n  ;  is the frequency of rotating.The coefficients of influence   ik A a  are defined experimentally for each plane of correction by trial starts.

B
However at realization of such approach there are large difficulties at definition of size d, h as the absolute exact operators 1, 1, are unknown and basically they cannot be constructed.However at realization of such approach there are large difficulties at definition of size d, h as the absolute exact operators 1, , is unknown and basically it cannot be constructed.Therefore size d is determined with the large overestimate and in set , d Q  the "extraneous" functions get, that considerably reduces accuracy of the regularized solution.

ik
The signs of the partial derivatives are determined by signs and sizes of functions 1 of rotation of a rotor  , parameters p of MM and size of T: either square-law or linear.Therefore their signs are enough easily determined.


At rather small Т the minimal operator for (1) exists and associated the corner point of D.
parameters).Therefore, in this example of function  k have signs: of unbalance don't change ring the 3 -4 turns round, the axis of rotation is used f the para ERENCES [1] A. W. Lees an valuation of Rotor Imbalance in hines," Journal of du or metric statement of problem.It permits to shorten the time of calculation of initial data about 10 times.Efficiency of suggested algorithm was also shown on other tests [1,3,12,15].