Asymmetry of Sunspot Distribution in KAU Solar Observations during 22 and 23 Solar Cycles

The King Abdul Aziz University (KAU) solar observations of Sunspot on daily passes from 1981 to 2009 are used to investigate the North-South asymmetry variation of the sunspot numbers and its area. We found that the asymmetry dominated to be southern during the last two solar cycles, which evidently exists following a long-term characteristic time scale. Our results were in compliance with the global asymmetry.


Introduction
There are many solar activity indices for the solar disk, however all are not identical in the northern or the southern solar hemispheres [1][2][3][4].This North-South asymmetry (ANS) is considered to be a new index to assist in tracing the nature of solar activity and to understand the solar cycles and other phenomena.The asymmetry of sunspot distribution and sunspot area in the two solar hemispheres has been noted since the beginning of the last century by [5,6], and has been further demonstrated by [7][8][9].Other solar activity indices such as the number of flares and its index also display similar asymmetry, [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17].It is considered that the north-south asymmetry of sunspots is due to periodical activities between the northern and southern hemispheres.The solar asymmetry also shows a number of short and midterm periodicities of the north-south asymmetry of the sunspot area, [7,[18][19][20].While a significant long periods have been pointed by [3,8,[21][22][23][24][25]. Also, it is found to be changing every eight solar cycles according to [10], while [26] found longer time scale of about 12 solar cycles.The asymmetry of the solar activity during the cycles 19 and 20 was northern dominated, while during cycle 21 it was southern dominated, and this characteristic continued during cycles 22 and 23.We expect that the domination will shift to the north hemisphere by cycle 25.In this paper a statistical analysis for the north-south solar asymmetry has been performed using both the sunspot numbers and the sunspot areas for period 1981-2009.In Section 2, the observational data and the results are described.In Sections 3, the conclusions are given.

Measurement and Results
For the analysis which follows, we have used the daily sunspot maps from the KAU solar observatory.These observations have been taken using the 15 cm Coudé refractor telescope with a focal length of 225 cm [27,28].
The twenty eight years of observations, cover the last half of 21, 22 and 23 solar cycles, have been analyzed for both northern and southern sunspots, and smoothed for 13 months as standard way [29].Figures 1(a) and (b) illustrate the distribution of the sunspot numbers and sunspot areas at both solar hemispheres respectively.To illustrate the asymmetry Equation (1) was used.ANS = (Nn -Ns)/(Nn + Ns) where Nn and Ns are the active parameters of north (N) or south (S).
Figure 2 shows clearly that the ANS for monthly sunspot areas during solar cycles 22 & 23 is southern dominant, as predicted by [30].Also, the relative sunspot numbers show the same southern trend.A clear relationship is found between the coefficients of north-south asymmetry and the solar cycle numbers 8 to 22, which tends to be a long-term cycle of approximately of 110 years.Our results fit well with the global results of [31], Figure 3.It is therefore likely that the current solar cycle 24 will be less southern dominant, as the asymmetry of  the cycle 25 tends to shift to the northern hemisphere, [1,20,25].

Conclusion
In this work, we use a new index which describes the asymmetry of sunspot activity in the northern and southern solar hemispheres using observations of KAU solar Observatory between 1981 and 2009.The results agree with the global predictions of the asymmetry.Specifically, we find that the asymmetry was southern dominated on the cycles 21, 22 and 23, in agreement with [26,30].Also, our results confirm that the southern dominant asymmetry will continue for the cycle 24, but it may shift to a northern dominance by cycle 25.This movement to the northern hemisphere seems to follow a long period of the solar activity [3,10,31].The understanding of the ANS of the solar activity and its long cycle may help predict the level of the solar activity [32,33], as the long cycles are quite important to the terrestrial weather system, because there is a possible connection to the long solar variability to the terrestrial weather [34].

Figure 3 .
Figure 3.The asymmetry of different solar indices (SA sunspot area, SF solar flare, SDF sudden disappeared filaments, SAP solar active prominence) for previous 17 solar cycles [11].Our results of the last 3 cycles for the sunspot numbers (KAU SN) and its areas (KAU SA) are fitted well.