Generation of Exactly Solvable Potentials of Position-Dependent Mass Schrödinger Equation from Hulthen Potential

Exactly Solvable Potentials (ESPs) of Position-Dependent Mass (PDM) Schrödinger equation are generated from Hulthen Potential (parent system) by using Extended Transformation (ET) method. The method includes a Co-ordinate Transformation (CT) followed by Functional Transformation (FT) of wave function. Mass function of parent system gets transformed to that of generated system. Two new ESPs are generated. The explicit expressions of mass functions, energy eigenvalues and corresponding wave functions for newly generated potentials (systems) are derived. System specific regrouping method is also discussed.


Introduction
There are many physical examples of quantum mechanical problems in which Position-Dependent Mass (PDM) makes its appearance and leads to effective interactions giving interesting results.Application of PDM Schrödinger equations is found in different branches of Physics like Condensed Matter Physics, Material Science, Nuclear Physics etc. Special application of principal concept of PDM is found in the investigation of electronic properties of semiconductors [1], quantum dots and quantum wells [2,3], quantum liquids [4], Nuclear many body problems [5] etc.In these cases, Exact Analytic Solution (EAS) of PDM Schrödinger equation for a physical potential provides maximum information of the system.Therefore, there has been a sustained effort in calculating EAS of PDM Schrödinger equation providing us with energy eigenvalues and corresponding eigenfunctions for physical potentials.Such studies use different methods known for solving constant mass Schrödinger equations or an extension of them.Point Canonical Transformation (PCT) [6][7][8][9][10], Nikiforov-Uvarov (NU) method [11][12][13], Supersymmetry (SUSY) quantum mechanics approach [14,15], Quadratic Algebra [16], Darboux Transforma-tion (DT) [17,18] etc. are different approaches used in the study of PDM Schrödinger equations.
In this paper, we are trying to generate Exactly Solvable Potentials (ESP)s of PDM Schrödinger equation by using Extended Transformation (ET) method [19].Ethics of the method is not to solve PDM Schrödinger equation to obtain wave functions, energy eigenvalues and mass function for a particular physical potential, but to generate exactly solvable potentials of PDM Schrödinger equation from an already solved potential.The method provides us with direct way of calculating the wave functions, energy eigenvalues and mass function for the generated system from the already solved potential.The spirit of ET method is similar to that of SUSY quantum mechanics approach, but in ET method, one needs no concern about the concept of supersymmetry and shape invariance which is essential in SUSY quantum mechanics approach.We start with a known exactly solved Quantum System (QS).Then we invoke a Co-ordinate Transformation (CT) followed by Functional Transformation (FT) of wave function and a set of plausible ansätze to mould the transformed equation to standard form of PDM Schrödinger equation.In addition, we introduce transformation of mass function which transforms the mass function of known system to that of generated system.Most of the potentials generated by this method are Sturmian, and some of them can be made normal as well as physical by system specific regrouping method.In transformation method, the normalization of the wave functions of the generated QS can easily be verified in most cases.
The paper is organized as follows: the method is discussed in Section 2, implementation of the method in practical QS with Hulthen potential is shown in Section 3 and finally, conclusions and findings of results are discussed in Section 4.

Formalism
We start with Hermitian effective Hamiltonian for a Position-Dependent Mass (PDM) system in one dimension (2m 0 = ħ = 1) [20]     where V eff (x) is the effective potential given by Here V(x) is the real potential profile and  is the modification emerging from position-dependent mass given by where α, β, γ are ambiguity parameters satisfying the constraint relation 1 , and m(x) is the dimensionless mass function related to constant mass m 0 and PDM M(x) by   0 M x m m x  [21].The prime stands for derivative of the function with respect to its argument.
Thus one dimensional position-dependent mass (1D-PDM) Schrödinger equation is written as The above equation finally takes the form We have considered a real quantum mechanical potential V A (x), which is termed as A-quantum system (A-QS).1D-PDM Schrodinger equation for A-QS is Equation ( 5) is exactly solvable for V A (x), i.e. the normalized eigenfunctions ψ A (x), energy eigenvalues and mass function m A (x) are known for given V A (x).
A n

E
We now invoke a Co-ordinate Transformation (CT) followed by a Functional Transformation (FT) of the wave function where ψ B (x) stands for wave function of transformed quantum system, hereafter called the B-QS.The transformation function g B (x) must be a differentiable function of at least class C 3 .The g B (x) and the modulated amplitude have to be specified within the framework of ET.
Application of ET to Equation ( 5) of the A-QS, gives Since mass depends on position, we introduce transformation of mass i.e. m A (x) of A-QS transforms to new mass function m B (x) of B-QS, as given below Therefore Equation ( 8) for B-QS, takes the intermediate form Consistency demands that the co-efficient of in Equation ( 10) must be identical to and changes Equation (10) to where is the Schwartzian derivative symbol and N B is the integration constant which plays the role of normalization constant of the energy eigenfunctions.
In order to mould Equation ( 12) to the standard form of 1D-PDM Schrödinger equation, the following plausible ansätze have to be made, which are an integral part of the ET method.
Among these ansätze Equation ( 14) specifies the functional form of g B (x). Equations ( 15) to (18) give the B-QS potential V B (x) as and effective potential as Finally 1D-PDM Schrödinger equation for B-QS takes the form

Generation of ESPs from Hulthen Potential
We have considered Hulthen potential as a typical representative of an exactly solved quantum system whose exact solution of 1D-PDM Schrödinger equation is avail-able/possible [12].The deformed Hulthen potential, denoted as V A (x) is given by where V 0 is the compact form of the three parameters which are atomic number (in atomic system), deformed parameter q and screening parameter.The Hulthen potential is a short range potential which behaves like a Coulomb potential for small values of x and decreases exponentially for large values of x.The deformed Hulthen potential reduces to the Hulthen form for q = 1, to standard Wood-Saxon potential for q = −1 and to the exponential potential for q = 0.It is a special case of the Eckart potential which has been used in many different areas like Nuclear, Atomic, Condensed matter and Chemical Physics.For the discrete energy eigenvalues are and the corresponding eigenfunctions are where are well known Jacobi Polynomials and N A is normalization constant.
The parameters and a A  satisfy the relation

Generation of B-Quantum System: First Order Transformation
Using Equations ( 22) and ( 14), the transformation function g B (x) is found as where We have put q = 1 which gives local property g B (0) = 0.
Equations ( 27) and ( 9) yield the mass function of B-QS as Using Equation ( 27) in Equations ( 15)-( 18), we have found and respectively, where C is the characteristic constant of B-QS obtained from the transformation of A-QS.Equation (34) subsequently provides us with the energy eigenvalues of B-QS.
The potential of B-QS, V B (x) is found from Equation (19) as which specifies a sturmian QS.The characteristic constant 2

B
C of B-QS can also be written as Using Equation (36), we have found the energy eigenvalues of B-QS as The exact eigenfunctions of the generated B-QS come out from Equation (7) as where and N B is normalization constant.The potential V B (x) is n-dependent through n-dependence of p n .This special type of energy dependent potential is equipped with only a single normalized eigenstate.The Sturmian form of B-QS comprises a finite set of QSs.This Sturmian form of B-QS can be converted to a normal QS by a system specific regrouping method, where we have to redefine the parameters of A-QS preserving the type of constraint equations.
To make n-independent we make V 0 → V n by set- where a scale factor s is introduced.
As a result, the normal form of the newly generated B-QS potential, V B (x) comes out to be And the expression for energy eigenvalues of the generated B-QS is found to be where . 2 Now we introduce a parameter The corresponding exact energy eigenfunctions of the newly generated B-QS come out to be

Generation of C-Quantum System: Second Order Transformation
From the potential of B-QS as obtained from Equation (40), we may choose one of the terms as working potential and applying ET we can generate another new QS, which is designated as C-QS, by the above procedure.The B-QS potential consists of two terms, from which the working potential can be chosen in 2 2 -1 i.e. 3 different ways.But we consider the single term working potential only for simplicity.It appears that the choice of as the working potential reverts it back to the parent QS.We have chosen 4 sec w B V x   s sx as the working potential from V B (x).The transformation of mass function and the set of ansätze required to write Equation (12) in standard form of 1D-PDM Schrödinger equation for C-QS are written as and respectively.From Equation (45) we have got the transformation function g C (x) as .
From Equations ( 44) and (47), we have found the mass function of C-QS as The Sturmian form of C-QS potential V C (x) and modification comes out as and respectively.Where is the characteristic constant of C-QS obtained from the transformation of B-QS and is given by The effective potential of C-QS is However, it is not possible to make the Sturmian C-QS potential V C (x) normal as in the case of B-QS.From Equations ( 48) and (52) we have found the energy eigenvalues of C-QS as The energy eigenfunctions of C-QS is obtained as where N C is normalization constant and   

Conclusion
We have presented a method of generating ESPs of PDM Schrödinger equation from a known potential.Two ESPs are generated by successive application of ET on Hulthen potential.The generated potentials are non-power law potential.New mass functions for newly generated systems are also obtained.In constant, mass problems, mass of the generated system and that of parent system remain same, but in case of PDM problems, mass function of parent system gets transformed to new mass function of the generated system.This is a unique feature of this method.Wave functions of generated systems are analytically verified.In case of non-power law potentials, the generated potentials are found to be generally Sturmian.We have converted the Sturmian form of the B-QS potential to normal form by system specific regrouping method.It is evident that the ET may be applied successively any number of times to generate new QSs when we are considering a non power law potential.The present formalism can be generalized to N-dimensional 1545 PDM Schrödinger equation.
V C (x) as working potential will also lead to a new form of Sturmian potential which can not be made normal as well as physical by any specific regrouping method.