Theoretical Study of Electromagnetic Wave Propagation : Gaussian Bean Method

In this work, we present the study of electromagnetic wave propagation through a medium with a variable dielectric function using the concept of Gaussian Beam. First of all, we start with wave equation 2 2 2 2 0 r E E t        with which we obtain the solution in terms of the electric field and intensity distributions approximate to Gaussian Function,

which we obtain the solution in terms of the electric field and intensity distributions approximate to Gaussian Function, . With this, we analyze the dependency of r on Gaussian beam distribution spread, the distant from the

Introduction
Along with the rapid evolution of fiber optics, integrated optics and application of laser in both medicine and technology, there has been a growing interest in the study of Gaussian beam propagation.This is based on the fact that Gaussian beam has to do with focusing and modification of shape of propagating electromagnetic wave or laser beam.From the earlier finding on the research on laser beam, it has been found that laser beam propagation can be approximated by an ideal Gaussian beam intensity profile [1,2].Understanding of the basic properties of Gaussian beam has been specifically found to be very vital.I select the best optics for practical application [3].Sequel to this, lots of scientists had worked on Gaussian beam applications in electromagnetic wave propagation and in optics.For instance, a work has been carried out on nonspecular phenomena for beam reflection at monolayer and multilayered dielectric interface respectively from where it has revealed that under various conditions nonspecular beam phenomena is more realizable [4][5][6].Tamir on his own presented a unified and simplified analysis of the lateral and longitudinal displacement with angular deflection on reflection of a Gaussian beam at a dielectric interface with two or more layer [7,8].
However in this paper, we intend to study electromagnetic wave propagation using the concept of Gaussian beam starting from general wave equation with which obtain the Gaussian function in which waves operating on the fundamental transverse mode is approximated to Gaussian profile.The distribution profile is analyzed with intent to observe the influence of the beam waist on the profile.

Theoretical Framework
In this case we start with wave equation in terms of electric field given as where r  is the dielectric constant as a function wave solution of the form

 
, , , exp Which if we consider medium with non-uniform re-fractive index, we have where the propagation constant in the medium is given by With this, Equation (2) becomes In general, if the medium is absorbing or exhibit gain, the its dielectric constant r  is considered to have real and imaginary part, but in a situation where the medium conducts with conductivity .
 then the complex propagation vector is introduce which obeys.
However, a simple solution of this type is inadequate to describe the field distributions of transverse mode.As a result, we seek solution to the plane wave equation of the form.
Propagating in the z-direction and localized the z-axis.Thus the idea is to obtain a solution of the wave equation that gives phase front that can be approximated over a narrow region.Thus substituting Equation ( 7) into Equation (4) we obtain.
Since we are looking for a paraxial beam-like solution, then varies slowly with 0 E z and Equation (8) becomes With a solution given as where is the square distant of the points x, y from the axis of propagation where and   z q are beam parameters Equation (10) gives the fundamental Gaussian beam of time-independent wave equation.

Intensity of Gaussian Beam
The intensity of   , x y

I
of Gaussian beam is given by Considering two real beam parameters that   z R and is that describes the axial distance from the Gaussian beam waist.
We can express Equation (11) as Signifying the dependency of Gaussian beam intensity to r while w signifies the distance from the axis at z where the intensity of the beam falls to 2 1 e of it its peak value on the axis   z p total power of the beam with these parameters Equation ( 10) is now written as where 0 is a constant of integration the expresses the value of the beam parameter at the plane q 0 z  for which when we consider d , d where 0 In i q   defines a constant of integration substituting Equation ( 18) into (16) we have The factor exp i p   is a constant phase factor.Thus In 1

Diffraction Effect
The limitations of Gaussian beam based on the fact that even if the wave fronts were made flat at some plane, it quickly acquires curvature and begin to spread in accordance with and where z is the distance propagated from the plane where the wave-front is flat   wavelength of light, is the radius of the 2 1 e irradiance contour at the w plane where wave-front is flat,   z w is the radius of the 2 1 e contour after the wave has propagated a distance z .
Considering the optimum starting beam radius for a distance z , we have 22) can be reduced to With the irradiance distance distribution of the Gaussian beam described as where   z w w  and is the total power in the beam which is the same at all cross sections of the beams we also obtain that

Discussion
From the displayed results in Figure 1, the distribution profile when y = 2, x = 2 and w = 2, the distribution beam width ranged within −5 to 5, In Figure 2, for y = 2 and x = 3 when w = 2, the width of the beam ranged from −6.5 to 6.5.In Figures 3 and 4 the distribution profiles displayed is found to be departed from normal distribution shape as in the other figures when w is increased to 5 for

Conclusions
Gaussian intensity profiles as observed from this study seem to manifest one feature that is based on the fact that beam waist, w plays a role in determining the distribution profile.This explains the fact that the far-field divergence   must be measured at a distance greater than the half width of intensity distribution while the near or mid-field divergence values are obtained by measuring a distance less than the half width of the intensity distribution in order to obtain a good normal distribution profile.Therefore in order to achieve optimum beam spread, and collimation over a distance, the optimum starting beam radium/waist must be determined.Though one should note that this depends strictly on the type of beam that is whether the beam is coherent or not, the general expression for optimum starting beam radius for any given distance, z is    This study also reveals that the concept of Gaussian beam is realizable when it is focused on a small spot as it spreads out rapidly as it propagate away from the spot From Figures 3 to 6, it is clearly shown that at certain value of the beam waist, the distribution profile changes.Therefore for a beam to be well collimated, it must have a large diameter.This relation is as a result of diffraction.Thus in order to achieve normal Gaussian beam distribution, the product of the width and divergence of the beam profile must be as small as possible to be achieved when paraxial approximation is considered.Thus this implies that the idea of Gaussian beam model is realizable and valid only for beam whose width is larger than that of equation.
26)at optimism starting beam radius for a given distance,

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Gaussian distribution intensity as function of profile width, w.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Gaussian beam width w(z) as a function of the axial distance z.