One Dimensional Modeling of the Shape Memory Effect

This paper aims to build a constitutive model intended to describe the thermomechanical behavior of shape memory alloys. This behavior presents many facets, among them we have considered the simple way of shape memory, which is one of most important properties of shape memory alloys. Because of numerous stages of this effect, the subject was divided into three independent parts. For each part, we built the corresponding thermodynamic potential and we deduced the constitutive equations. To make this model workable, we have developed an algorithm. The simulation was performed using the NiTi as shape memory alloy.


Introduction
The known behavior of conventional materials has allowed their use in many applications but the discovery of new properties, coming from a singular behavior of materials known as shape memory alloys, opened a way for other applications from medical to aerospace.
This unusual behavior has attracted a significant attention of scientists and researchers.Therefore, various models were proposed.
These models are based on thermodynamics laws and frameworks theories as generalized standard materials.Halphen and Nguyen [1] used by Lexcellent and Licht [2], Edelen's formalism [3] used by Tanaka and Nagaki [4].
These models can be classified as follows: 1) Macroscopic models: Built of the thermomechanical behavior, they are generally simpler in formulation and geared more towards engineering applications.Thus, the detailed physics of phase transformation are usually not rigorously addressed.
In this paper, we focus on the effect of simple way shape memory which is the first property discovered.The adopted approach is based on the sharing of the study on three following steps: 1) Orientation of twinned Martensite; 2) Heating for austenite; 3) Cooling for detwinned Martensite.

Presentation of the Subject (Figure 1)
The thermomechanical cycle to the memory effect of a simple shape is defined the following: 1) Applying a mechanical load under Temperature T 1 lower than 0 f M (Temperature of transformation start of Martensite): The material is deformed first elastically, followed by an important deformation due to twinned Martensite orientation.When the load is cancelled the deformation is not fully recovered, only elastic part is recovered.
2) Heating to a temperature above 0 f A (Temperature of transformation finish of Austenite): When the temperature reaches 0 s A (Temperature of transformation start of Austenite) the deformation begins to recover.
3) Cooling to T 1 : Austenite begins to transform to Martensite and finally the material is at the origin of the cycle.

Definition of Regions (Figure 2)
The study will concern three regions which are planes (ε,

Constitutive Equations (Figure 3)
In each case, we consider an elementary volume , is fraction of incipient phase.

Region 1
Parent phase is twinned Martensite and incipient phase is detwinned Martensite Free energy of Gibbs: Assuming that the dissipation occurs during processing Clausius inequality can be written as following: Let us write the term: which is the driving force.
The dissipative force can be written: The transformation occurs when this condition is satisfied: It will result: Let us use the function: To write the evolution of the fraction we use the following expression:   The coefficients a 1 and C can be determined using limit values of , , T f  when: It is denoted that parameter B is identified using pseudoelasticity test.

Region 2 Parent phase is detwinned Martensite and incipient phase is Austenite
Following the same approach: Parameter H can also be determined by pseudoelasticity test; the coefficients 2 and are defined using limit values of The evolution of the fraction of Martensite can be expressed by:

Region 3
Parent phase is Austenite and incipient phase is twinned Martensite ;

Application of the Model
Using K.L. Ng. and al work [11], where a tensile test was performed on NiTi and the following parameters were determined: Temperature of orientation loading T 1 = 230 K; mechanical load 1 300 MPa   ; 4-6)

Discussions
The results obtained coincide well with the experimental data in the case of orientation test, in case of heating to make martensite changing into austenite which occurs with recovering previous deformation and finally changing of martensite into austenite during the cooling.It seems that our results are consistent with practical data of the selected material (NiTi).
In each case we see clearly that deformation is function of transformation of martensite.The cycle beginning from lower temperature reaches the final temperature with recovering the deformation caused by applied mechanical load.

Conclusion
This constitutive model presented in this paper was built using a simple formalism.We have divided the work into three parts, and each one has its proper particularities after simulating the model.The results appear in good agreement with experimental data.This model can be used in engineering fields.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Thermomechanical cycle of way memory effect.

3 3 :
Parameters to be defined by test using following conditions:

Figure 4 .Figure 5 .Figure 6 .
Figure 4. Results of tensile test at T = 23˚C (Test of orientation) performed to validate the model.